×

托福考试试题及答案,2023年12月21日托福写作考试真题答案

admin admin 发表于2024-01-16 16:43:10 浏览19 评论0

抢沙发发表评论

本文目录一览:

托福阅读真题练习100篇:05(原文+题目+答案)

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。留学申请的每一步都充满挑战,我在这里为您提供从留学目的地选择到申请材料准备的全方位支持。您的留学梦想,我们一同实现,敬请访问!https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 托福阅读在备考的过程中,大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习。下面为大家整理了托福阅读真题练习100篇:05(原文+题目+答案),供大家参考。原文:??Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring theenvironment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay,and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resourcesmay be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies putthese materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people chooseto use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusiveanswers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choiceand use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved forceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone ortree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although thematerials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rakesand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, evenwhen the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form orstyle of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose torepresent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the artof the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theologicaldoctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society'sart may also reflect the culture's social stratification.题目: 1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are  (A) more difficult to handle than wood and  (B) of their stable social conditions  (C) of the unique stylistic features of their art  (D) available only in specific locations  2. The word conclusive in line 7 is closest in meaning to  (A) definitive  (B) controversial  (C) concurrent  (D) realistic  3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to  (A) attractive  (B) logical  (C) evident  (D) distinct  4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers of a stone or tree in line 10? (A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials  (B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials  (C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs  (D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs  5. The word it in line 13 refers to  (A) realization  (B) society  (C) extent  (D) influence  6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because  (A) they influenced each other stone  (B) commonly used by artists in all societies  (C) essential to create ceremonial objects  (D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways  7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT  (A) It is used to create glass.  (B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.  (C) Its use varies from culture to culture.  (D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.  8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in meaning to  (A) similarly  (B) in addition  (C) in contrast  (D) frequently  9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to  (A) involvement  (B) separation  (C) relationship  (D) argument  10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to  (A) discrete  (B) preliminary  (C) ideal  (D) fundamental答案:?DACCB DBBAD以上就是为大家整理的|托福阅读真题练习100篇:05(原文+题目+答案)|的练习,希望大家通过以上的内容根据情况,适当结合上下文,通过排除和推断选择正确的答案,同时不断补充积累更多相关词汇与语法。最后,预祝大家托福考试顺利!!更多精彩内容请关注托福频道!我希望以上的解答能为您的留学规划添砖加瓦。留学之路虽曲折,却不孤单。如有更多疑惑或需要进一步了解,我们的官方网站随时欢迎您。那里有更详尽的留学资讯和专家团队的一对一指导,助您顺利走上留学之路。期待与您的每一次相遇,祝申请顺利!https://liuxue.87dh.com/

托福阅读真题练习100篇:10(原文+题目+答案)

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 托福阅读在备考的过程中,大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习。下面为大家整理了托福阅读真题练习100篇:10(原文+题目+答案),供大家参考。原文:?Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?题目: 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?  (A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.  (B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions  (C) Research on how people make decisions  (D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making  2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) introductory  (B) changeable  (C) beneficial  (D) fundamental  3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to  (A) relevant  (B) preceding  (C) insightful  (D) responsive  4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?  (A) Listing the consequences of each solution  (B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution  (C) Deciding which consequences are most important  (D) Writing down all possible solutions  5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that  (A) has the fewest variables to consider  (B) uses the most decision worksheets  (C) has the most points assigned to it  (D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people  6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of  (A) describing a process  (B) classifying types of worksheets  (C) providing historical backgro【对留学申请文书感到困惑?请访问我们的官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 获取专业指导,小钟老师随时欢迎您的询问!】und  (D) explaining a theory  7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once (lines 17-18) to explain that  (A) most decisions involve seven steps  (B) human mental capacity has limitations  (C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions  (D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice  8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to  (A) creative  (B) satisfactory  (C) personal  (D) concise  9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?  (A) Proponents (line 5)  (B) Optimal (line 5)  (C) Variables (line 17)  (D) Long-range goals (line 25)  10. The word it in line 24 refers to  (A) worksheet  (B) problem  (C) distinction  (D) decision  11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to  (A) ask  (B) explain  (C) change  (D) predict答案:ADADC ABDBB C以上就是为大家整理的|托福阅读真题练习100篇:10(原文+题目+答案)|的练习,希望大家通过以上的内容根据情况,适当结合上下文,通过排除和推断选择正确的答案,同时不断补充积累更多相关词汇与语法。最后,预祝大家托福考试顺利!!更多精彩内容请关注托福频道!希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。留学的道路充满了无限可能,但选择和准备的过程可能也充满挑战。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 。在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。我们的专业团队会全程陪伴您,助您圆梦海外学府。祝您留学申请顺利!

2023年12月21日托福写作考试真题答案

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!https://liuxue.87dh.com/   2023年的最后一场托福考试,已经顺利结束了,大家考得怎么样呢?来跟着小钟老师一起看一看2023年12月21日托福写作考试真题答案。  综合写作  Reading  喝牛奶对人身体不一定好;  1.不常喝牛奶的人并没有比经常喝牛奶人的骨折概率高;  2.牛奶中含有的杀死牛身上的bacteria的antibiotic让人有resistance,使抗生素没有效果;  3.牛奶中的nutrition并irreplaceable,人们通过吃鱼、海鲜、蔬菜等获取。  Listening  牛奶对人身体没有坏处;  1.鲜牛奶中有一种物质,导致人骨折,但这种物质在发酵奶中不存在,所以喝发酵奶,如酸奶,可以避免骨折;  2.奶制品有严格的监管,进入市场的牛奶通过各种检测,包括进行抗生素的检测;所以,抗生素含量超标的牛奶不允许进入市场;  3.从其它食物中获取的营养物质数量很低,人们也不可能食用那么大量的鱼、海鲜等食品来获取此类营养物质;  独立写作  题目:Drivers should pay a fee for driving in busy city streets when there is a greatest heavy traffic.  立场:同意。当交通拥堵的时候,司机行驶在繁忙的城市道路上时应该付钱。  理由1:治安  司机付钱---交管部门可以用这些钱来拓宽道路---缓解、改善交通拥堵---防止在道路拥堵的时候出现司机因堵车而烦躁产生冲突,甚至扰乱社会治安的问题---维护社会治安。  理由2:环保  司机付钱---政府可以利用这些钱来升级公共交通系统---鼓励人们乘坐交通工具---在缓解道路交通的同时,还可以减少尾气排放,缓解温室效应---保护环境。  理由3:效率  很多司机会因为要付费而选择别的道路,虽然可能那条拥挤的道路是最近的一条,但相比于堵在路上花费的时间,选择别的不拥堵的道路可以节省不少时间,提高在路上的效率;同时,如果很多司机都选择了别的道路,交通拥堵也会有所缓解,整个城市的交通节奏提高。  希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!

2023年3月托福考试真题答案汇总

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!https://liuxue.87dh.com/   对于想要考托福,但是还没有考过托福的同学来说,提前了解有关托福考试的题目是有必要的,下面小钟老师为大家分享有关3月24日托福考试真题以及答案。  一、2023年3月24日托福考试真题答案2023年3月托福考试真题答案(3月24日)12023年3月24日托福听力真题答案22023年3月24日托福独立写作真题答案32023年3月24日托福口语真题答案思路解析42023年3月24日托福阅读考试文章及真题答案解析小钟老师整理  二、托福考试备考规划  词汇  托福考试的词汇量是比较大的,所以你不可能集中在一周或者一个月全部都掌握,你需要做的是集中学习一段时间,然后每天进行复习。另外在你复习4个科目的同时,你也可以同步进行着托福词汇的积累的工作。  阅读  现在阅读考试有一个很大的特点,试题出现的顺序和文章的段落顺序是一致的,甚至当一个问题涉及到某个段落的时候,他还会有一个箭头,去指向某一个段落。那这显然,意味着我们不需要先读完全篇。我们在基本了解文章大意的基础上,就可以开始做题。然后读完每道题目之后,再带着关键词去那个文章里找答案。这是托福阅读考试的一个重要技巧。  听力  时间上,听力考试录音+做题的时间一共是60分钟,每个section的时间有20分钟,做题有10分钟。托福的听力也是模板非常有限的,虽然每一篇文章的主题和内容都不一样,但基本的逻辑都是一样的,所以这个时候精听训练就非常有价值,先把模板熟悉透彻。拿两套听力题,按照这样的精听步骤把那个原文全部细细的听一遍,来提升你对托福听力的敏感度和熟悉度。  口语  托福的口语真是一个“非人类”的设计,它不像雅思是你真的可以和人对话的,比较真实的交流环境。托福口语是机考的,并且考的方式也非常精分,每道题都要求你在45s-1min之间说完。所以,平时练习的时候尽量遵循你喜欢的一个固定的时间框架来说。  写作  考前多写!多打字!打字速度决定字数!字数决定论据和细节!有论点没有论据支撑是大忌。  三、托福考试内容  听力  1、在听力部分,考生一共会听到2~3个对话(conversation)和4~6个讲座(lecture)。  2、每个讲座后会有6个问题,每段对话后将有5个问题。  3、每个对话和讲座的时长约为3-6分钟,考试时间为60~90分钟。  4、听力考试分为两个Section单独计时,每个Section时长为10分钟(播录音时间不计算在内)。  5、一个Section包括1个对话和2个讲座。  阅读  考试内容:3~4篇学术文章,每篇700字左右,每篇12~14个问题,共包括36~56道试题。  文章题材:TOEFL的阅读文章均选择美国大一或大二教材,或者杂志论文,涉及自然科学(Natural science)、生命科学(Life Science)、艺术(Art)和社会科学(Social Science)。  文章类型:1、解释说明型文章;2、立论型文章;3、历史题材型文章。  写作  考试内容:托福写作分为两个任务,综合写作(Integrated Writing)和独立写作(Independent Writing)。  考试时间:综合写作 20分钟,独立写作30分钟,总计50分钟。  口语  考试内容:口语部分包括6道题,每道题有45~60秒的答题时间,时间20分钟。  1、1-2题称独立任务(Independent Tasks),只考查口语能力;  2、3~6题称综合任务(Integrated Tasks),考察读、听、说综合能力。  四、托福考试单项分数怎么算  阅读 30分  新托福阅读包含三篇文章,每篇大约650-750词,每篇有12-14道题。  标题类型包含:事实信息题,否定扫除题,指代联系题,词汇题,推理题,修辞意图题,句子简化题,句子插入题,宗旨摘要题,表格归类题,在完结每一篇答题的过程中,考生能够使用复查功用查找没有答复的标题。  听力 30分  听力部分全部时间大约是60-90分钟,每个对话是2-3分钟。每个演讲是3-5分钟。考生可以在听录音的过程中做笔记,有两个对话和四段讲演,每个对话对应5道试题,每段讲演对应6道试题。听力部分共有34道试题,一题一分,总分34分,按比例换算成30分制。  口语 30分  口语部分第一题和第二题为独立回答题,准备时间为15秒,回答问题时间为45秒。问题会被朗读出来,同时出现在屏幕上。  第三题和第四题要求考生先阅读一段文字,然后再听一段与阅读文字内容相关的听力材料,最后按照要求回答相关问题。通常一道题是情景题,另一道是学术题。阅读材料只含一个自然段。  第五题和第六题以考试中的听力材料为基础,要求考生回答相关问题。听力材料通常一道题是情景题,另一道题是学术题。  写作 30分  新托福考试的写作部分包括两道试题:独立写作和阅读听力综合写作。每个写作任务的分数为0-5分,两道题,每道题的分值是0~5分,两道题的分数求平均数后,换算成0~30的分数。考察综合语言技能的作文题目的评分,以回答的质量,完整性和准确性为依据。  希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!

2023年11月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!https://liuxue.87dh.com/   备考托福阅读,需要考生们进行认真确认,保证能够顺利的通过考试。下面和小钟老师来一起看看2023年11月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案,欢迎阅读。  2023年11月13日托福阅读考试真题  R1  水母数量增加  R2  微塑料问题  R3  早期地球形成和地磁场  R4  花的进化  R5  柯伊伯带、奥尔特星云和卫星  R6  古埃及人渔猎行为,尼罗河三角洲的形成  托福阅读的做题步骤的建议  对于基础不太好且备考时间比较短,同时对于分数要求不是特别高的学员,以下步骤更可能会帮你考到你目前水平的最高阅读分值:  1.读文章的标题,尝试预测文章的内容;  2.尝试阅读第一段,因为这里通常会有文章的主旨出现,以后每一段读第一句,这里通常是段落中心句;  3.读题,通过题目的定位信息去段落中快速扫读寻找定位信息(无论是按照什么样的扫读方式,找到位置即可);  4.理解文章定位处的信息,尝试预判答案;  5.根据文章信息匹配选项选择。  对于基础比较好,且想要获得稳定高分的学员(比如考场上状态再差也不会低于29分),以下步骤可能更能满足你的要求:  1.读文章的标题,预测文章的内容;  2.先读段落,识别出文章的主旨句和每段的中心句(如果存在的话),以及段落的层次(各种逻辑关系,比如并列、因果、对比、转折、举例等);  3.再审题,根据题目所问,再找到文章答案的位置,仔细阅读,对比选项选择。  托福阅读技巧  1. 词汇  对于真题,我们在做题时要学会对文章结构以及内容进行有效的辨认和分析,而且,尤其是在一些学科知识背景较强的文章中,我们还需要了解一些词汇的含义,从而才能够理解文章内容。  2. 方法  刷题要讲究方式方法,如果不回顾不反思,那是不会有进步的。自己做错的题要重新进行思考,思考错误的原因、正确答案对应原文何处、正误答案之间的本质区别是什么,这些问题同学们在练习时都要思考清楚。  3. 理解  最重要的一点,到了这个阶段,同学们刷题基本都是靠自己,当身边脱离了老师的陪伴辅导,有很多题即使给我们正确答案,很多同学也依旧百思不得其解。而此时,对于文章的结构解读,难题的解析也显得格外来之不易。  希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!

请问托福2023年10月30日听力考试真题及答案

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。选择留学是人生重要的决策之一,而作为您的指导,我非常高兴能为您提供最准确的留学解答和规划。无论您的问题是关于考试准备、专业选择、申请流程还是学校信息,我都在这里为您解答。更多留学资讯和学校招生介绍,欢迎随时访问。https://liuxue.87dh.com/   考托福需要考生认真备考真题,回顾真题可以很好的帮助大家熟悉出题模式和考试知识点。以下是小钟老师整理的托福2023年10月30日听力考试真题及答案,欢迎阅读。  2023年10月30日托福听力考试真题  C1  有一个美国民间画家,教授的观点和别人不一样是赞美,教授说他的作品多,有4部分,提醒女学生要关注一个,学生说关注的是色彩  C2  女学生因为上课近要换宿舍,后来教授说他的室友好,他的宿舍要增加设备,她就不换了  L1  负外部性,应对方式对污水企业收税,破坏空气的法规,回收的给补贴  L2  理想自由分布理论  托福听力备考技巧  考生要熟悉自己的考前水平  推荐大家利用好新托福考试的官方指南第四版,里面的题目出题风格非常符合真实的考试。如果你发现自己根本听不懂、思路跟不上考试语速,这就说明你的语音识别存在问题了。关于语音识别训练的问题,我在这里仅仅略谈两点供大家参考:  1. 语音识别和单词量没有必然关系。原因很简单:大家都一定学过ocean 这个单词,但是听力考试不是依赖我们的眼睛去识别英文信息,而是依仗于我们的耳朵。如果考试的时候ocean 这个单词你的发音和托福考试不一致的话,你是无法识别出这个信息的。此外,托福考试往往是“小词大义”。比如听力考试会出现 oceanic 这个单词,如果大家平时没有语音库积累的话,这个单词很难会被考生所辨识出来。这样的例子有很多,比如:total—totality, strategy—strategic. 而这就给我们出了一个难题:假期怎么把托福单词背好。  2. 语音识别要日积月累,方法不可少。推荐大家每天坚持练习跟读。“跟读法”指的是我们要和外界语料一起朗读素材,并且中间不停顿。因为如果是每句停顿跟读的话,你就无法体会语速和语流的意义了。那么,那什么材料练习跟读呢?我建议大家选用托福考试的素材,譬如市场上流行的Delta, Longman等等。久而久之,你会慢慢发现自己的发音也就提高了,而这对于新托福的口语考试是大有裨益的。当然,你也可以跟读历年托福听力真题。  通过刚才的介绍,大家一定明白听力的基本功在于语音识别。语音关不通过的话,一切考试所谓的技巧都沦为下谈。也就是说,对于第二语言习得的我们,学好英语只能靠有强有意识的思维来进行,单纯的追求外界学习氛围是没有意义的。  学会“主动地”获取主要信息  培养“结构化的听力思维”。新托福听力文章很长,如果你是被动去听的话,我相信不过4分钟你就开始疲惫了。深陷劳顿的你怎么可能听好后面的信息呢?如果你无法掌握剩下3-4分钟的信息如何去从容作答呢?所谓“结构化的听力思维”是指考生能准确把握听力素材的结构,能够主动地去区分细节和主题,能够有意识的分清哪些语言是跑题的内容。根据这些判断,考生自然能够预测考题的出处。也就是说,一个好的听力者,不是他的精力很充沛,而是他能捕捉到托福考试中的 “优先信息”,而这些优先信息恰恰就是考试的重点。这个能力和我们的托福阅读是相通的,大家可以拿历年的旧托福听力中PART C来练习,有针对性地摘要其核心观点,从而慢慢培养成“主线不丢、层次清楚”的听力思维,不再拘泥于一句一词。当然,你也需要学会如何处理陌生单词。  有的放矢地学习记笔记  练习记笔记能力。笔记是将一个瞬间的记忆延展成短时的回忆。我们做托福听力题的步骤就是语言素材的输入——笔记的形成——笔记内容的反馈——答题。笔记是沟通原文和题目的桥梁。为什么需要记笔记呢?道理很简单:我们的记忆力是靠不住的。依我个人的经验,很多学生一开始学习托福听力恨不得什么都去记笔记,这样就耽误了听力,效果反而不好;有些学生认为听懂就可以,不去记笔记,而后发现很多考题似曾相识但是就是手足无措。所以,这里就有一个问题:记什么,怎么记。首先,记笔记的前提是对语音识别能力强。你连听都听不出来,何谈记笔记呢?其次,你要针对托福考试的特点来学习笔记。  以上信息希望能帮助您在留学申请的道路上少走弯路。如果您还有更多问题或需要深入探讨,不要犹豫,您可以在我们的留学官方网站上找到更丰富的考试资讯、留学指导和一对一专家咨询服务。我们的团队始终站在您的角度,为您的留学梦想全力以赴。祝您申请顺利!https://liuxue.87dh.com/

请问2023年11月13日托福听力考试真题及答案

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。选择留学是人生重要的决策之一,而作为您的指导,我非常高兴能为您提供最准确的留学解答和规划。无论您的问题是关于考试准备、专业选择、申请流程还是学校信息,我都在这里为您解答。更多留学资讯和学校招生介绍,欢迎随时访问。https://liuxue.87dh.com/   托福的听力考试,需要考生们认真准备,最近一起的托福考试听力的难度怎么样呢?下面和小钟老师来一起看看2023年11月13日托福听力考试真题及答案,欢迎阅读。  2023年11月13日托福听力考试真题  L1  生物发光  L2  矿物进化史  L3  艺术史,介绍一对兄妹  托福听力考试要求  1、Basic Comprehension: Gist + Details  基本理解能力的考察大概占到托福听力总体比例的70%左右,首先,几乎是每篇对话和讲座的第一道题都是主旨题,只不过问法可能不一样,而细节题占的比例也比较大。  TPO和最近考过的托福听力真题的最大区别在于:TPO听力中的细节题绝大多数都可以通过原文内容直接定位正确答案,而现在真题中的很多题目需要考生听到细节以后,结合自己的逻辑分析后,才能选出正确答案,有自己分析加工判断的过程。  这可能就是很多同学,仅仅用TPO训练之后,听力难以得到现实中高分的原因之一。  2、Pragmatic Understanding: Stance + Function  语义功能理解题大概占到总体听力题的20%左右,语义功能理解的考查的题型主要以部分重听题为主,所谓语义功能理解,就是要求考生透过教授或者学生说话的字面意思,推断话语中的真正含义。  所以,部分重听题做题的两条黄金原则:  不选和重放录音内容过度重合的答案  不选和重放录音内容字面意思相近的答案  什么叫做录音内容和选项字面意思相近呢?举个例子,比如TPO12/C1中的第5题中重放录音的内容是:Tell meabout it.题目问老师为什么讲这句话。  其中一个选项的是:She didn't hear what the student said;  还有一个选项是:She wants thestudent to explain his comment.  这两个选项就属于是典型的字面意思相近。所以我们应该选:Sheunderstands the student's problem 这个答案。  因为俚语:Tell me aboutit=You're telling me,解释为:谁说不是呢,相当于:Ithink so的意思。  很多老师或者是书籍将Tellme about it解释为:告诉我吧。可谓是贻笑大方。即使你不知道tellme about it的准确意思,也可以利用这两条技巧排除法,选出正确答案。  3、Connective Information: Categorization + Summarization  这个部分的内容是比较难的,当然,在托福听力考试中所占的比例相应也不会特别高,大概是在10%左右,因为这种类型题目的答案不会在原文中一模一样被听到。  比如summarization的题目:TPO25,lecture3的第5题:问的是Howdoes the professor organize the information in the lecture?  对于这种观点组织题,考生需要通过对文章细节的把握和自己的分析才能得出答案。  而Categorization(分类)往往是通过表格题的形式来呈现。大家做表格题的时候,一定要注意,如果错一个,整个题就不得分了。  以上信息希望能帮助您在留学申请的道路上少走弯路。如果您还有更多问题或需要深入探讨,不要犹豫,您可以在我们的留学官方网站上找到更丰富的考试资讯、留学指导和一对一专家咨询服务。我们的团队始终站在您的角度,为您的留学梦想全力以赴。祝您申请顺利!https://liuxue.87dh.com/

托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!https://liuxue.87dh.com/   阅读考试的考试真题,是考生们联系的蓝本,需要大家认真的对待。以下是小钟老师整理的托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案,欢迎阅读。  2023年10月30日托福阅读考试真题  R1  西北海岸艺术  R2  地球大气  R3  玛雅的败落是因为农业无法承载暴增的人口,然后他们还不调整农业  R4  恐龙是恒温动物还是冷血动物  R5  海草的生长环境影响因素  R6  tectonic movement  托福阅读考试时间规划  1、3 分钟把握文章框架  很多同学提出质疑,认为这 3 分钟的时间去看了文章也记不住内容,不如直接做题,这是无用论 ;有些同学则认为自己的答题时间不够,3 分钟太宝贵,不舍得挪出来,这是无时间论。  其实,这 3 分钟的时间决定了我们的阅读高度,不仅能提高解题速度,还能提高准确率,是有超值回报的 3 分钟。  怎么样才能通过 3 分钟迅速把握文章框架呢 ?  很简单,读 title,introduction 和各段落的 topic sentence,来看看它们之间的联系。  title 给出讨论对象,introduction 给出讨论角度,即文章主旨,而各段落主旨告诉我们文章分几个方面或如何对主旨展开论述。这些内容环环相扣,犹如钢筋水泥,给我们搭建出了一个房子的框架。有了框架之后,我们可以看见 “森林”,而不是只见“木”。  在 3 分钟内,我们不仅能够把握文章的核心主旨,它的脉络走向,还能了解作者的“感情色彩”,给我们下一步正确和快速的答题奠定了基础,尤其是对解决“主旨题”起了决定性的作用。  很多同学在学习并熟练掌握了三分钟定框架的阅读方法后反馈时表示答题都不用回到文章细读就能选出正确答案,因为不管你细不细读,主旨就在那里,一直不变,而大部分的题目都会针对或围绕主旨出题,尤其是最后一道总结题或分类题,解题速度和准确率会有质的飞跃。希望你们也能够同样受用。  2、15 分钟答题  我们知道一篇文章会有 12-14 道问题,所以要保证答题阶段有 15 分钟以上的时间才够充分。  在这个阶段,我们的阅读顺序则是先看题,再读文。我们需要先审清楚题干,再根据题干的要求回到相应的段落去进行详读。  一般情况下,题干会给出大的定位,告诉我们考点所在的段落,而具体的考点位置需要我们自己分析得出,然后进行精准的定位。答题的过程就是不断补充细节的过程,犹如给搭建的毛坯房添加各种家具。  3、2 分钟灵活支配时间  尽量有灵活的时间支配是基于以下几点考虑:  1)托福阅读的理解力是随着阅读量的增加而增加的,或许我们在答第三题时,对文章的理解仍存在偏差,那么可能到了第十题,在阅读量达到一定程度的时候,发现之前答错了,就需要时间进行及时的更改;  2)一般情况下我们建议考生们按照顺序解题,因为考点的出现是随着文章的发展而出现的,但是我们偶尔也会遇到个别特别耗时,或者自己特别拿捏不准,犹豫不决的题目,就需要当机立断的先优选一个答案,事后如果有灵活的时间,再回来斟酌,每个题目的分值是等同的(最后一题除外),它再难,也就一分,不要为了这个不确定的一分,延误了其他的得分机会;  3)因为机考需要手动点击 next键来获取题目,偶尔会出现学生无意识的连续点击,造成漏做题,这个时候也需要我们有灵活支配的时间来及时的进行弥补;  4)最后,也是能够给自己一点时间调整,准备迎接紧接着而来的听力考验。合理分配时间不是要求大家死板的遵守以上的分配原则,而是希望大家能够在掌握这样的阅读思路和顺序之后,摸索出适合自己的具体分配原则,尤其是那15分钟的答题时间里更是如此,要清楚的知道哪些题型是耗时的,哪些题型是秒选的,哪些题型是适合花时间的 (花了时间能做对的),哪些题型是自己特别是不受用的 (花了时间也不一定做对的),不要在不值得的题目上花费太多的时间,雨露均沾的同时,绝对更加宠爱能够给你带来分值的题目。  希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!

2023年3月21日托福考试真题答案

您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!https://liuxue.87dh.com/   托福考试是有听说读写四个部分组成的,对于马上要参加托福考试的学生来说,可以做一下最近的考试真题。小钟老师为大家整理了3月21日托福考试真题答案,来看看吧!  2023年3月21日托福考试真题答案2023年3月21日托福考试真题答案12023年3月21日托福阅读考试真题答案22023年3月21日托福口语考试真题答案32023年3月21日托福听力考试真题答案42023年3月21日托福写作考试真题答案小钟老师整理  托福备考建议  听力  听力考试综合全面考察考生基础理解,文章结构识别及考点识别,学科背景知识,且学科有趋于交叉化的演变,对话题的熟悉度要求更高。语速语音复杂多变仍旧会成为2023 年听力考试的主旋律,考查学生学科知识储备依旧不变,甚至学科交叉特点更明显,学科背景高频依然会是文化艺术,自然科学中的天文地质等,社会科学类型文章比重有可能增加  阅读  虽然词汇题,插入题和简化题的比例下降,但是这种题相当于其他题目来说节省了定位部分,难度比较小,属于一定要拿到分数的题目。至于六选三,不用刻意追求完美,三个里面选出两个就算成功,更要紧的是确保其他题目作对,从性价比的角度来说,如果能够确保六选三能够选对两个的话,可以腾出多余的时间和精力去检查其他题目。  写作  同学们在备考时,各种类型的题目都应有所涉及,毕竟一旦遇到了就是百分之百。备考时间充足时,应练习全篇限时写作。时间若是不充足,也可以利用碎片化时间练习思路。平时的生活中,注意积累一些话题相关的素材和语料,才能在需要时信手拈来。  口语  整体难度将与今年相比不会有太大变化;独立口语部分题目会老题复现,主要话题集中在学习,教育,人际关系等方面;校园场景应多关注学校设施建设及政策变化,有遇到听力部分态度非一边倒的情况的几率学术场景上,生物类题目将仍旧占主导地位,应多积累话题词汇。  自学托福的误区  1.别人的经验仍然是别人的经验  经验可能是我们在任何重大考试开始时首先考虑的东西。很多网上的学习经验确实都是很多优秀学生的学习经验。  在备考的时候,那些没有基础知识的人很容易被备考时间和备考过程的经验所迷惑,从而“放松警惕”,没有足够的时间来备考。  还有就是并不是所有的经验都适合所有的人。所以如果你看了很多他人分享的学习经验,你会发现有人推崇的方法可能是其他人摒弃的。  所以要根据自己的个人情况来正确选择练习的方式才是最重要的。  2.缺乏规划  自学的学生很容易出现一个问题,就是整体备考没有计划,东一榔头,西一棒槌的。整个备考的过程要是没有计划性是无法鞭策自己的。没有后来的安排和准备,很难一步一步地提高。  托福考试注意事项  1. 考前提前踩点  建议在考试前一天到考试现场,找到自己考场的位置。有些考试区域比较大,很难找到考场的位置。你可以提前熟悉一下路线,以免到时找不到考场。  2. 提前半小时到达  托福考试九点开始,请务必在八点半之前到达。托福考试要求考生提前半小时到达,考官有权拒绝迟到的考生参加考试。所以,好好利用时间,一定不要迟到。  3.不要把与考试无关的东西带入考场  托福考试禁止携带的物品包括但不限于:自带文具、键盘、钱包、电子通讯设备、定时器、参考资料、食品饮料(不允许带入考场)和其他被监考人员认定为非法的物品。  在考试中携带违规物品可被视为作弊,后果严重。轻则取消考试成绩,重则禁考一段时间。所以在进入考场时,除了必要的物品外,不要带任何东西。  托福各部分考试时间  1. 阅读部分  阅读部分是托福考试固定流程中的第一部分。原考试时间为60分钟。如果有额外的测试,也就是加试,将额外增加20分钟。现在整个部分考试时间缩短为54分钟,如果有加试,则延长为72分钟。  2. 听力部分  托福考试的听力部分是考试的第二部分。这一部分的时间长度也有所减少,如果没有加试,就是60分钟,如果有加试,就是90分钟。改革后的听力部分是41分钟,如果有加试就是57分钟。  可以看出,听力部分的考试时间缩短得最明显,直接缩短了大约1/3的考试过程。  3.口语部分  在阅读和听力之后,考生将有一个休息时间。休息时间过后要面对的就是托福的口语部分了,口语部分的时间也被缩短了,从20分钟缩短到17分钟。  4. 写作部分  托福写作部分的考试时间保持不变,为50分钟。  希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!

托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3

  相信备考托福的同学都知道托福TPO的重要性,为了方便大家备考,下面我给大家整理出托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译,希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO1阅读真题原文Part3
  Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
  The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
  The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
  At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
  There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
  Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.
  The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
  Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
   托福TPO1阅读真题题目Part3
  1. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to
  ○gradual
  ○complex
  ○visible
  ○striking
  2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?
  ○In an area that has little water
  ○In an area that has little sunlight
  ○Above a transition area
  ○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
  3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
  ○Both are treeless zones.
  ○Both mark forest boundaries.
  ○Both are surrounded by desert areas.
  ○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.
  Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
  4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
  ○They cannot grow in cold climates.
  ○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
  ○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
  ○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
  Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
  5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to
  ○require
  ○resist
  ○achieve
  ○endure
  6. The word "they" in the passage refers to
  ○valleys
  ○trees
  ○heights
  ○ridges
  7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to
  ○adapted
  ○likely
  ○difficult
  ○resistant
  8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
  ○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys
  ○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
  ○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
  ○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
  Paragraph 4:There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
  9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
  ○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
  ○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
  ○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
  ○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
  10. In paragraph 4, what is the author's main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
  ○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
  ○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
  ○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
  ○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
  Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.
  11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
  ○predictable
  ○widespread
  ○successful
  ○developed
  12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
  ○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.
  ○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
  ○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
  ○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.
  Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █
  13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
  This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.
  Where would the sentence best fit?
  14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
  At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
  ●
  ●
  ●
  Answer choices
  ○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
  ○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
  ○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
  ○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
  ○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
  ○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures
   托福TPO1阅读真题答案Part3
  答案:
  1. ○4
  2. ○1
  3. ○2
  4. ○3
  5. ○3
  6. ○2
  7. ○2
  8. ○1
  9. ○3
  10. ○4
  11. ○2
  12. ○3
  13. ○4
  14. There is no agreement among…
  Despite being adjacent …
  The geographical location of…
   托福TPO1阅读真题Part3原文翻译
  山上树带界线的植被
  通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方,树木这种生命形式就消失了,取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。这种快速过渡的区域被称为上行树带界线或林木线。在许多干旱的地区存在着下行树带界线,在这里由于缺乏水分森林变成干草原,甚至在最下端会出现沙漠。
  上行树带界线,和雪线一样,在热带最高,在极地最低。从极地地区的海平面到干燥的亚热带地区的海拔4 500米处以及潮湿的热带地区海拔3 500米至4 500米处都有上行树带界线。树带界线内通常是常绿树,它们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比,具有一定的优势。然而,在部分地区也有由落叶阔叶林组成的树带界线。例如,在喜马拉雅的部分地区,桦树就在树带界线上。
  上行树带界线的树木开始扭曲和变形,尤其在中高纬度地区的树木,这些地区的树木往往会在山脊上长得更高,而在热带地区的树木则在山谷里长得更高;因为中高纬度地区树带界线受积雪覆盖时间和深度的影响很大。由于山谷中积雪覆盖较厚且持续时间很长,树木即便是生长在大风和贫瘠的土地里,也往往会在山脊上长得更高。在热带地区山谷里更有利于生长,因为山谷不易干涸、很少结霜,并且有更深的土壤。
  目前还没有一个普遍认同的解释来说明为什么会在树带界线上出现树木停止生长这种戏剧化的现象。多种环境因素都起到作用,例如,积雪过多会让树木透不过气,雪崩和雪移能摧毁树木;长时间积雪缩短了有效生长季节的时间,树苗无法生长;另外,风速会随着海拔的升高而增加,增加树木承受的压力,很明显,正是这种风速带来的压力导致树木在高纬度地区发生变形。一些科学家提出,随着海拔的上升而不断增强的紫外线、野生山羊等动物的放养,都是导致树带界线形成的因素。或许最重要的环境因素是温度,因为如果生长季节太短并且气温太低,树芽和树苗都无法充分地成长而存活过冬季。
  在林木线之上有一个称为高山苔原的地带。由于紧挨着树带界线,苔原上都是矮灌木、草本植物和牧草。随着海拔的增加,物种的数量和多样性会逐渐减少,直到出现大量空地伴着零星的苔藓和地衣这样的伏地垫状植物。有些植物甚至可以在雪线以上有利的微环境中生存,世界上海拔最高的植物是出现在喜马拉雅山上6 100百米的马卡鲁峰。在这个高度上,被阳光温暖过的岩石可以将 小雪 堆融化。
  高山植物最突出的特点是其低矮的生长形态。这种特点使他们能够避开大风最强势的势头,并且有助于他们利用紧邻地 面相 对较高的温度。在这样一个低温限制生命的地区,地表提供的额外温度是至关重要的。低矮的生长形态也可以帮助植物充分利用冬季积雪所提供的保温环境。在赤道区的山脉上低矮的生长形态并不常见。

托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译相关 文章 :
1. 托福阅读理解怎样提高成绩
2. 托福独立写作万能例子有哪些
3. 新托福阅读考试一篇文章几道题
4. 托福阅读理解需要读全文吗
5. 雅思托福阅读对比
6. 新托福阅读考试需要多长时间
7. 托福复习资料推荐哪个实用
8. 托福阅读用什么书复习备考
9. 托福阅读理解是4篇吗有几篇