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university of toronto acorn,acorn怎么读

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国内无法登陆多伦多大学acorn怎么办

多伦多大学（University of Toronto）于1827年根据英国乔治四世颁布的皇家宪章所建立，是殖民时代上加拿大最早建立的高等学府之一。它早期名为“国王学院”，直至于1849年脱离圣公会而成为非宗教大学，并改为现名。受英国大学制度影响，多伦多大学是北美少数实行独立书院制的学府，各书院享有高度自治权。
多伦多大学三个校区所在的区域已经有上千年人类活动历史了。大约5000多年以前水面就已经达到今日安大略湖的高度了。除了19世纪的填湖造田，主要的河流Rough，Don，Humber以及Credit都在源源不断流入湖的北岸，昔日的湖岸线与今日所见相差无几。

去加拿大留学，一般学费要怎么交？

我自己来说的话，和周围的同学当初一般用的是这些方法：（1）直接线上转账到账户，可以用电汇，信用卡等，这俩手续费会高一丢丢，而且时间比较久，特别是电汇。（2）去线下的学校办公室交，但是一般大学在中国境内开设办公室或者办事处的比较少，而且可能会有排队的风险，资料可得记得带齐，不然一趟一趟跑。（3）一些线上支付平台，概念有点像支付宝，不过是跨境付学费的。我自己以前是有用过飞汇啦，看你们学校具体和哪家合作，一般合作院校会有最优价格保证的。
局天道留学老师所知，依据每个学校的要求不同，普通分为以下几种方式：电汇、汇票、信誉卡(VISA和Mastercard用的比拟多)。
1、电汇：相比之下，电汇比拟快，普通两天可以到账，但手续费绝对较高，最低20元，最高则达1000元，此外电汇还要交纳电报费以及国外两头行的扣费。假如要电汇，要让学校提供电汇地址(银行账户和地址)。
2、汇票：票汇是银行给汇款人开出汇票，然后自己携带汇票出国，或许采取邮寄的方式把汇票寄往国外。票汇不收电报费，其他免费项目和规范与电汇相反。虽然票汇的费用绝对廉价一些，但是它没有电汇的速度快，而且票汇需求到开票行的国外网点或开票行的指定托收行操持解付手续。
大额汇款最好采取电汇的方式，由于汇票一旦遗失，挂失等手续绝对费事一些，而且汇票有一年的无效期，过了无效期就会退回到原来的开票行。
3、信誉卡：可以到本地银行操持一张国际信誉卡，用国际信誉卡在国外取现金就不划算了，如中行的长城国际卡在国外取现，会按取款金额的百分之三收取手续费。
如何在国际顺利缴纳学费?
1、网上(On-line )付费(最方便快捷的办法)：大局部学校会在先生的录取告诉书里，给先生一个暂时的学校账户和密码，进入账户后，依据提示就可以完成定金交付，普通运用信誉卡，把信誉卡信息填上，网上提交就OK。
2、电话信誉卡领取：一些学校提供电话领取，经过电话把信誉卡信息通知对方。
3、电汇：学校提供电汇地址，去银行把钱汇过来。
4、邮寄：把现金、支票、信誉卡、汇票放入信封里，寄到学校指定的邮寄地址。
在加拿大境内如何缴费?
以多伦多大学为例：只需你的银行账户是在以下银行，就可以运用以下三种办法交学费：
1、到银行前台停止交费(Teller)
把ROSI下面的Invoice清单打印出来，找到一家离你家比拟近，或许你常常去的银行，通知他们你要给University of Toronto 交费，把Invoice 给他们看，并且通知他们你的Student #和 Account #，等他们处置完把确认号码或许收据拿好就ok了。
2、运用电话银行效劳(Telephone Banking)
打电话通知他们你要给University of Toronto 交费，通知他们你的Student #和 Account #，然后记载下确认号码。假如超越7个任务日也没有看到ROSI/ACORN有所显示，那麼你就可以联络银行，通知他们确认号码，看看是不是哪里呈现成绩
3、运用网上银行效劳(Online Banking)
登陆你的网上银行，找到Payment，选择Add Payee，普通会可以停止搜索，大家可以输出University of Toronto，然后会让你输出Payee Account，也就是你Invoice 下面显示的Account #了，这时分会显示你添加Payee成功，接上去可以选择Pay This Payee之类的字眼，然后输出你想付的费用，然后设定什麼时分给，然后从哪个账户中给最初确认之后，你会失掉一个确认号码记上去就好了。
留意事项
假如在开学前不能退学(比方签证缘由)，在扣除报名费后，学费会全部返还给先生。在报名表中所留的联络人姓名和地址是学校入学费的收款人信息。
学费必需是加元，间接交到学校指定的账户。

电脑型号： 联想 Lenovo ideapad 310-15ABR 笔记本电脑 操作系统： Windows 10 64位

　　这是一款配置不错的笔记本。
　　做工相当不错，符合商务人士的审美，配置上CPU和显卡能轻松应对轻办公，网络游戏也从容不迫。
　　这款机型放在同价位的机型中性价比不是很高
　　可以试试搭载了第七代智能英特尔酷睿处理器的产品。

acorn怎么读

acorn的读音为：英/?e?k??n/ 美/?e?k??rn/
【中文意思】n.橡子，橡实
复数 acorns
【例句】
（1）To see the problem here more clearly, let's look at a different biological system, say, an acorn.
为了把这里的问题看得更清楚，让我们看一种不同的生物系统，比如说，橡实。
（2）The chipmunk population increased strikingly due to two successive years of abundant acorn crops in the forest.
金花鼠数量显著地增加，是因为森林里连续两年丰硕的橡子收成。

求大神看下这个配置值多少钱？

760K+R7 240 D5这个组合不好，这个组合加起来要830,760k CPU性能不及A10-5800，而A10-5800核显HD 7650D显卡性能更R7 240 D5性能相当，只是没有独立显存，而A10-5800 CPU才650，如果你满足于R7 240的性能，那你直接用A10-5800就行，还省200元。如果你希望采用独立显卡的话，至少应该上7750显卡才合适。电源也太紧张了，你这个配置300W到是够用了，但将来想换显卡的话，电源还得换。你的配置大约2100左右，推荐下面配置：
打游戏一般的还可以，但是大型单机玩不了，而且这款电脑上搭载的AMD系列的CPU差得很，运行比较慢；双显，512+2400MB左右，集成显卡，相对于价格来说可以，3500可以入手。再重申一遍，CPU比较渣！！！注意到没有，显卡512MB的是AMD的，但是2400MB的是联想的。

急！用英文简述电脑发展史

ENIAC is in a computer history milestone is original, computer's English original word “computer” is the human who refers to is engaged in the data computation. But they often need with the aid of certain machinery calculating device or the analog computer. These early time calculating device's ancestor includes the abacus, as well as may trace 87 B.C. An who uses in by the ancient Greece person calculating the planet migration Ti the base Tela mechanism. Along with the middle ages last stage Europe mathematics and engineering prosperous once more, in 1623 took the lead by Wilhelm Schickard to develop Europe first calculating device, this was one can carry on six within number plus-minus methods, and could “calculate the clock” through the ting output answer. The use transmission gear carries on the operation. 1642 year France mathematician Pascal in WILLIAM in the Oughtred calculating rule's foundation, improves the calculating rule, can carry on eight computations. Also has sold many products, became at that time one kind of fashionable commodity.
in 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard has made the improvement to loom's design, he used a series of punch paper card to take the knitting complex design the procedure. Jacquard type loom, although was not considered that is a genuine computer, but its appearance is truly in the modern computer developing process important one step. Charles Babbidge (Charles Babbage) is devises and designs one completely programmable computer's first person, at that time was in 1820. But as a result of the engineering factor, the funds limit, as well as is unable to endure patiently to patching which designs does not stop, this computer has not been able to come out throughout in his rest of the year. Approximately to the 19th century later period, many were proven afterward that has the great significance technology to the computer science to appear one after another, including punched card as well as vacuum tube. Hermann Hollerith has designed the machine which a scheduling uses, has realized the application punched card large-scale automatic data processing.
In the first half of 20th century, to cater to the science computation the need, many special purposes and deepen the complex analog computer to develop unceasingly. These computers are the specific question machinery which or the electronic model aims at with them take the computation foundation. The 20th century 30-40 ages, computer's performance was formidable gradually, and the versatility obtained the promotion, the modern computer's essential characteristic is joined unceasingly. the 1937 year (Claude Shannon) has published his great paper by Chrowder · Aier Wood · Shannon "to Relay And In Switching circuit's Symbolic analysis", in the article mentions the digit electronic technology for the first time the application. He had demonstrated to the people how to use the switch to realize logic and mathematics operation. Hereafter, he through studied Vannevar Bush the differential simulator to further consolidate his idea. This is one symbolizes the binary system electronic circuit design and the logical gate application start significant instant, but takes the pioneer who these key ideas are born, must include: Almon Strowger, he was one includes the logical gate equipment to apply for the patent; Nicolay Tesla (Nikola Tesla), he as early as once applied in 1898 to include the logical gate electric circuit equipment; Lee De Forest, he used the vacuum tube in 1907 to replace the relay.
Commodore Corporation the Amiga 500 computers which produces in the 20th century the 80s endless long-distance defines so-called “the first electronic accounting machine” along this kind of high and low seeking quite to be difficult. on May 12, 1941, Konrad Zuse has completed his mechanical and electrical sharing equipment “Z3”, this is first has the automatic binary system mathematical computation characteristic as well as the feasible programming function computer, but is not “the electron” the computer. In addition, other are noteworthy the achievement which mainly to have: in 1941 was born in the summer the Atanasuofu - shell auspicious computer was in the world the first electronic accounting machine, it has used the vacuum tube calculator, the binary value, but multiplying memory; In Britain in 1943 the mystical great elephant computer which demonstrated (Colossus computer), although programming ability is extremely limited, but it indeed told the people to use the vacuum tube both to be worth trusting and can realize the electrification again programming; Harvard University's Harvard Mark I; As well as based on binary system “Egyptian Nepal Acher” (ENIAC,1944 year), this is the first general intention computer, but because its structural design insufficient elastification, causes to it each time to program again means the electricity physical circuit's again connection.
Developed the Egyptian Nepal Acre's group to further consummate the design in view of its flaw, and presented Feng · who finally we knew very well today the Nuoyiman structure (procedure memory architecture). This system possesses computer's foundation now. In the 1940s the mid and late stage, started based on this system's computer to develop in large numbers, by Britain most early. What although the first development completes and the be operated is “the small scale testing aircraft” (Small-Scale Experimental Machine, SSEM), but is developed practical machine very possible is EDSAC truly. in entire the 1950s, the vacuum tube computer resided in the dominant status. on September 12, 1958 in Robert Noyce (INTEL Corporation's founders) under the leadership, has invented the integrated circuit. Soon has promoted the microprocessor. from 1959 the computer which to 1964 designed is been called generally the second generation of computer.
To the 60s, the transistor computer has displaced it. The transistor volume is smaller, the speed is quicker, the price is more inexpensive, the performance is more reliable, this causes them to be possible by the commercialized production. 1964 to 1972 computer is called generally the third generation computer. The massive use integrated circuit, the typical type is the IBM360 series. to the 70s, the integrated circuit technology's introduction reduced the computer production cost enormously, the computer also henceforth started to move toward everyone. in after 1972 computer custom is called the fourth generation of computer. Based on large scale integrated circuit, and afterward ultra large scale integrated circuit. on April 1, 1972 INTEL promoted 8008 microprocessors. in 1976 Stephen Wozinak and Stephen Jobs origination apple computer company. And promotes its Apple I computer. in May, 1977 Apple II computer issue. on June 1, 1979 INTEL has issued 8 element 8088 microprocessors. the 1982 year, the microcomputer starts to popularize, enters the school and the family massively. in the January, 1982 Commodore 64 computers issued, price: 595 US dollars. in February, 1982 80286 issues. The clock rate enhances 20MHz, and increased the protected mode, may visit the 16M memory. Supports above 1GB the virtual memory. Each second carries out 2,700,000 instructions, integrated 134000 transistors.
in November, 1990: First generation of MPC (multimedia personal computing standards) issued. Processor 80286/12MHz, afterward increased at least to 80386SX/16 MHz, and light drives, at least 150 KB/sec transfer rates. on October 10, 1994 Intel issued 75 MHz the Pentium processor. on November 1, 1995 Pentium Pro issue. The basic frequency may reach 200 MHz, each second completes 440,000,000 instructions, integrated 5,500,000 transistors. on January 8, 1997 Intel issued Pentium MMX. Have carried on the enhancement to the game and the multimedia functions. the hereafter computer's change changes with each new day, in 1965 published the mole of law publication should prove unceasingly, forecast that was still still suitable in the next 10~15 years.
We build computer to solve problems.Early computer solved mathematical and engineering problems，and later computers emphasized information processing for business applications.T-
oday，computers also control machines as diverse as automobile engines，robots，and microwave ovens. A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input，processing it，and producing output. Fig. 1-1 illustrates the function of a computer system.
Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware. Computers are valuable because they are general-purpose machines that can solve many different kinds of problems，as opposed to special-purpose machines that can each solve only one kind of problem. Different problems can be solved with the same hardware by supplying the system with a different set of instructions.that is，with different software.
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翻译:
计算机组成原理
计算机硬件
人们为解决问题而制造计算机。早期的计算机解决的是数学和工程问题，后来计算机着重解决商业应用中的信息处理问题。如今，计算机还用来控制如汽车发动机、机器人和微波炉等各式各样的机器。计算机系统解决上述这些领域中的任何一个问题都是通过接收输入、处理问题和生成输出来实现的。图1-1说明了计算机系统的功能。
计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕，要修改是困难的，并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合，比硬件容易修改。计算机之所以有用，是因为它们能解决很多不同类型的问题，是通用的机器。相对而言，每种专用机只能解决一类问题。通过为系统配备不同的指令系统，也就是配备不同的软件，能用同一硬件去解决不同的问题。
http://tdi.uregina.ca/~complit/comphist.htm
Milestones in Computer Development
WEBLIOGRAPHY AND CREDITS
2000 B.C. The abacus is first used for computations.
1642 A.D. Blaise Pascal creates a mechanical adding machine for tax computations. It is unreliable.
1670 Gottfried von Liebniz creates a more reliable adding machine that adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides, and calculates square roots.
1842 Charles Babbage designs an analytical engine to perform general calculations automatically. Ada Augusta (a.k.a. Lady Lovelace) is a programmer for this machine.
1890 Herman Hollerith designs a system to record census data. The information is stored as holes in cards, which are interpreted by machines with electrical sensors. Hollerith starts a company that will eventually become IBM.
1939 John Atanasoff, with graduate student Clifford Berry, designs and builds the first electronic digital computer. His project was funded by a grant for 650$.
1946 J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly design and build the ENIAC computer. It used 18,000 vacuum tubes and cost $500,000 to build.
1946 John von Neumann proposes that a program be stored in a computer in the same way that data are stored. His proposal, called the "von Neumann architecture," is the basis for modern computers.
1951 Eckert and Mauchly build the first general-purpose commercial computer, the UNIVAC.
1957 An IBM team, led by John Backus, designs the first successful high-level programming language, FORTRAN, for solving engineering and science problems.
1958 The first computer to use the transistor as a switching device, the IBM 7090, is introduced.
1964 The first computer to use integrated circuits, the IBM 360, is announced.
1965 The CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system is introduced. It allows several users simultaneously to use, or share, a single computer.
1970 A first version of the UNIX operating system is running on the DEC PDP-7.
1971 Nicklaus Wirth designs the Pascal programming language as a language for teaching structured programming concepts.
1972 Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey develops the language C.
1973 Part of the UNIX operating system is implemented in C.
1975 The first microcomputer, the Altair, is introduced.
1975 The first supercomputer, the Cray-1, is announced.
1976 Digital Equipment Corporation introduces its popular minicomputer, the DEC VAX 11/780.
1977 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer.
1978 Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston develop the first electronic spreadsheet, called VisiCalc, for the Apple computer.
1979-82 Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey introduces "C with Classes."
1981 IBM introduces the IBM PC.
1983-85 C with Classes is redesigned and reimplemented as C++.
1984 Apple introduces the Macintosh, the first widely available computer with a "user-friendly" graphical interface using icons, windows, and a mouse device.
1988 Work on standardization of C++ begins.
1989 Microsoft Corporation introduces Windows for IBM computers.
1989 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes the first standard for the C programming language.
Computer History
Year/Enter Computer History
Inventors/Inventions Computer History
Description of Event
1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer First freely programmable computer.
1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
ABC Computer Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC.
1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper
Harvard Mark I Computer The Harvard Mark 1 computer.
1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer 20,000 vacuum tubes later...
1948 Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn
Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories.
1947/48 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley
The Transistor No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly affected the history of computers.
1951 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners.
1953 International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer IBM enters into 'The History of Computers'.
1954 John Backus & IBM
FORTRAN Computer Programming Language The first successful high level programming language.
1955
(In Use 1959)
Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric
ERMA and MICR The first bank industry computer - also MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) for reading checks.
1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
The Integrated Circuit Otherwise known as 'The Chip'
1962 Steve Russell & MIT
Spacewar Computer Game The first computer game invented.
1964 Douglas Engelbart
Computer Mouse & Windows Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end.
1969 ARPAnet The original Internet.
1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world's first available dynamic RAM chip.
1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor The first microprocessor.
1971 Alan Shugart &IBM
The "Floppy" Disk Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its flexibility.
1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox
The Ethernet Computer Networking Networking.
1974/75 Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 Computers The first consumer computers.
1976/77 Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet Computers More first consumer computers.
1978 Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner.
1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby
WordStar Software Word Processors.
1981 IBM
The IBM PC - Home Computer From an "Acorn" grows a personal computer revolution
1981 Microsoft
MS-DOS Computer Operating System From "Quick And Dirty" comes the operating system of the century.
1983 Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface.
1984 Apple Macintosh Computer The more affordable home computer with a GUI.
1985 Microsoft Windows Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple.
SERIES TO BE CONTINUED
Acknowledged by the whole world's first electronic computer ENIAC, the birth place suffered in the Second World War, and its "birthplace" Abedin, Maryland, the United States Army field artillery test. The secret is that Abeiding test field artillery computer development from the initial idea of the "control theory" Father of Wiener (L. Wiener) Professor letter. As early as during the first World War, had come to Wiener Abeiding test field artillery. At that time, ballistics laboratory, the famous mathematician Huibailun (O. Veblen) asked him for the preparation of a range of antiaircraft artillery table. Here, he not only the initiation of the control theory, thinking, and first saw the need for a high-speed computers.
Over the years, Wiener and the invention of the computer simulation Bush has been working with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have forged profound friendship. 1940, in a letter to Bush, Wiener wrote, the modern computer is digital, electronic components constituted by using binary, and the internal storage of the data. Wiener made these principles, guidelines for the electronic computer in the right direction.
Evolution of the Computer:
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??.
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it.
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.
1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system.
1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers.
1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma.
1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient.
1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.

跪求有关食品安全的英语标准学术论文(最好是外文期刊上的)!!!!

学术论文写作用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。
不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。
对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。
一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title（标题）
Abstract（摘要）
Keywords（关键词）
Table of contents（目录）
Nomenclature（术语表）
Introduction（引言）
Method（方法）
Results（结果）
Discussion（讨论）
Conclusion（结论）
Acknowledgement（致谢）
Reference（参考文献）
Appendix（附录）
其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的（其他内容根据具体需要而定）。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。
标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。
6.1 标题的长度标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1） Fire Resistant Steels for Construction： Design， Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2 2） Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0 3） Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology： Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3 14） Solid Oxide Fuel Cell： A Survey 6 4 0 2 5） Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2 6） Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8—12个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。
表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计（一）
标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等7） On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2 8） Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures： A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4 9） Acoustics of Long Spaces： Theory and Application 7 4 l 2 10） Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0 11） Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2 12） High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2 13 ） Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l 14） The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3. 15） Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3平均（约）9 5.5 1.5 2来源：中国第三届青年学术会议论文集，材料科学与工程技术。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998.标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1） Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2 2） Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2 3） Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l 4） Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3 5） Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2 6） A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth？ 7 3 1 3 7） The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Survey 11 5 2 4 8） Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3 9） Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l 10） Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6 11） Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14 8 5 1 12） Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents： the College Experience 8 5 0 3 13） Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7 14） Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9 5 2 2标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等15） Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14 6 3 5平均（约） 9.5 5 1.5 3来源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96（2）
表6.1中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题，平均9个单词。表6.2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题，平均9.5个单词。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨，用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲，选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。
6.2 标题的用词从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，标题中用得最多的是名词（包括动名词），平均占总单词数的50％～60％之高。其中有的标题中80％以上的词为名词。除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。
标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括，因此用词要贴切、中肯，不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词，下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。例1 a.标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components b.关键词：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction .疲劳点焊汽车寿命预测b.标题：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling关键词：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting铸件充型计算机模拟冷隔铸造c.标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant关键词：air bag out-of-position occupant安全气囊离位乘员c.标题：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions关键词：fatigue test statistical method test specimens疲劳实验统计方法试样分析：例1a中，有4个关键词，在标题里出现了3个，而标题中出现的两个名词词组fatigue life prediction 和spot welded components都是文章的关键词。
在例1b中，有4个关键词，其中3个出现在标题里。标题中用了4个名词词组：computer simulation，experimental study，cold shut，mold filling，其中3个是关键词。
例1c中有2个关键词，在标题里都出现。标题中用了3个名词或名词词组：investigation，air bags deployment forces，out-of-position occupant，其中两个是关键词。
例1d中有3个关键词，其中2个出现在标题里。
从上面四个例子可以看出，标题中的用词多是文章的关键词，明确、精炼，将文章的主要内容予以高度概括。
标题中用得最多的是名词或名词词组，一般不用动词或动词词组。如果用动词，则用非谓语动词形式，如动名词、不定式或分词。
从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，在标题平均9个单词中，有5.5个是名词，占一半以上。除名词外，用得较多的是介词of，in，on等，再其次是连词and和形容词。偶尔也需要用一些其他词性的词，如副词、冠词等。
6.3 标题的结构学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组（包括动名词），介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题（多用在人文社会科学领域），但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。
（1）名词性词组名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。
例2 a.Severe Weather and the Automobile（名词词组） （名词词组）
b.Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics（名词词组） （名词词组）
c.High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling（名词词组） （名词词组）
d.Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students： the College（名词词组） （名词词组）
Experience（2）介词词组介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话，一般这个介词是“on”，意思是“对……的研究”。
例3 a.On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor b.On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures（3）名词／名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。
例4 a.Fundamentals of Flow Measurement .（名词） （介词词组）
b.Scattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels（名词词组） （介词词组）
c.Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students（名词词组） （名词词组） （介词词组）
d.Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students（名词） （介词词组） （介词词组）
e.Diversity in the Future Work Force（名词） （介词词组）
f.Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials（名词） （介词词组）
g.Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy（名词词组） （介词词组）
h.Acoustics of Long Spaces：Theory and Application（名词） （介词词组） （名词词组）
i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces（名词） （介词词组）
on Out-of-Position Occupant（介词词组）
j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development（名词） （介词词组） in an Urban Environment（介词词组）
标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名词或名词词组，从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的“的”字结构相似，区别是中文标题中修饰语在前，中心词在后。英文正好相反，名词在前，而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。
例5 a.Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials燃料电池及其材料进展b.Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测c.Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究（4）其他形式对于值得争议的问题，偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题，以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。
例6 a.Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow？
b.Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function？
c.130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water？
有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号（：）隔开。一般来说，冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。
模式1 研究课题：具体内容例7 a.Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology：Barriers and Needs b.Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microchemistry c.Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application d.Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life模式2 研究课题：方法／性质例8 a.Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Survey d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance： Two Case Studies模式3 研究课题：问题焦点a. Aluminum： Is It Hazardous to Your Health？
b. Noise： Good？ Bad？ Maybe Both？
c. Manure： Friend or Foe？
思考题下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music 2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education 6. Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices 8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce 9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University 11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations： A Statistical Analysis参考答案下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music （合适）
2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans （不合适）
改为：Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land（不合适）
该为： Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education（ 不合适）
该为： Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education （合适）
6. Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered（不合适）
改为： Physics and Art： Uncovering Conceptual Linkages 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices（不合适）
该为：Use of Diamond for Electric Devices 8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce （合适）
9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science（不合适）
改为： The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University （合适）
11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations： A Statistical Analysis （ 不合适）
该为： The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations： A Statistical Analysis

关于英语单词acorn

查了一些英文网站
acorn=oak nut, nut of the oaks. 橡树栎树这一类的属于同一科（Fagaceae山毛榉科）的植物的果实
是可以吃的，是人类早期最主要的食物之一。那时候没那么复杂的烹饪技巧吧。所以应该是生吃的。
不过现在人们很少食用了。只有美洲当地人和韩国饮食文化中有出现。韩国有种果冻dotorimuk还有一种面dotori guksu，就是用acorn做原料。（但是应该是碾碎之类的处理之后才用，不是整颗丢进去）。
另外烘烤（roasted)的acorn也是一种零食。（我觉得应该就跟榛子差不多）。
橡果只有长在长大的大树上。所以象征耐心，作为长期努力的结果。
acorn算常用词，应该都认识。
挪威神话中北欧雷神Thor据说躲在一棵橡树下避雷。所以百叶窗上通常画上橡果做装饰，象征能避雷。
橡果，即是橡树的果实！
橡树，橡树是世上最大的开花植物，阔叶树种,该树挺拔，高达10余丈，木质坚硬、光滑、生长在深山区阳山坡，树龄一般在400年以上，10年以上的树龄才开始开花结果，春天开花，秋季成熟,毛果张裂,橡果自然流落,果实是坚果，一端毛茸茸的，另一头光溜溜的，好看，也好吃！可生吃、干炒、煮食。橡果素有“世界坚果之王”的称号，具有很高的营养和保健价值！
橡树是美国国树。（由此可见，acorn这个单词很常见，以英语为母语的人90%以上都认识！就像中国人都知道大熊猫一样，哈哈）橡树树冠有多大，树根就有多广，地下风光同地上风情可以媲美!所以，西方人觉得橡树是壮悍强大的象征。
美国加州的一棵橡树已经生存了至少1.3万年，是世界上已知最为古老的活生物。这棵树出生于最后一个冰河时代，当时世界大部分地区仍被冰川覆盖。科学家认为这颗由一片无性繁殖的灌木丛构成的橡树是世界上最古老的活化石，它一次又一次进行自我更新以确保能够在经历干旱、霜冻、风暴和强风时生存下来。
橡树橡果象征坚韧、耐心、守望、默默付出，不求回报，但结果却是收获多多等等
美国人对橡树和橡果的喜欢之情就不言而喻了！
另外有个著名的网上购物网站，叫橡果国际，美国纽约证券交易所上市！代码是ATV！Acorn International (NYSE: 'ATV') is a leading integrated multi-platform marketing company in China, operating one of China's largest TV direct sales businesses in terms of revenues and TV air time and a nationwide off-TV distribution network. Acorn's TV direct sales platform consists of airtime purchased from both national and local channels.

acorn造句

acorn n.
[植]橡树果, 橡子
Oaks come from acorns.
橡木来自橡树子
a squirrel's store of acorns.
松鼠的橡子贮藏
adulterate coffee with ground acorns;
在咖啡中掺入磨碎的橡树子
1. There are many acorns on the oak tree.
这棵橡树上有很多橡子。
2. Great oak from little acorn grow.
大橡树生于小橡实。
3. A small cup-shaped structure or organ, such as the cup at the base of an acorn or one of the suckers on the feet of certain flies.
杯形器具一种小型的杯状结构或器官，如橡树果实茎部的杯状物或位于某些苍蝇脚上的吸盘之一
4. The boy teases the dog by pebble it with acorn.
男孩子们用橡树果打狗逗它玩。

It was where that bird dropped the acorn. 请问你这里的where改用here或there后有什么区别？

It was where that bird dropped the acorn.是省略的强调句型
原句 where that bird dropped the acorn，there was something that was only
an inch or two tall.
变成对地点状语强调的强调句型即
It was where that bird dropped the acorn that there was something that was only
an inch or two tall.
如果换成here或there 则是 完整的强调句型句子。不过须加that
=that bird dropped the acorn here。
对 here强调即It was here that that bird dropped the acorn