本文目录一览：
- 1、托福阅读真题练习100篇：10（原文+题目+答案）
- 2、2023年3月27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析
- 3、托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案
- 4、2023年3月托福考试真题答案汇总
- 5、请问2023年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案
- 6、托福2021年11月20日作文考试真题及答案
- 7、托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3
- 8、托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇：TypesofSocialGroups
- 9、2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案
- 10、老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案
托福阅读真题练习100篇：10（原文+题目+答案）
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。留学申请的每一步都充满挑战，我在这里为您提供从留学目的地选择到申请材料准备的全方位支持。您的留学梦想，我们一同实现，敬请访问！https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习。下面为大家整理了托福阅读真题练习100篇：10（原文+题目+答案），供大家参考。原文：?Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?题目： 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions. (B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions (C) Research on how people make decisions (D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making 2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) introductory (B) changeable (C) beneficial (D) fundamental 3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) relevant (B) preceding (C) insightful (D) responsive 4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet? (A) Listing the consequences of each solution (B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution (C) Deciding which consequences are most important (D) Writing down all possible solutions 5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that (A) has the fewest variables to consider (B) uses the most decision worksheets (C) has the most points assigned to it (D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people 6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of (A) describing a process (B) classifying types of worksheets (C) providing historical background (D) explaining a theory 7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once (lines 17-18) to explain that (A) most decisions involve seven steps (B) human mental capacity has limitations (C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions (D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice 8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to (A) creative (B) satisfactory (C) personal (D) concise 9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ? (A) Proponents (line 5) (B) Optimal (line 5) (C) Variables (line 17) (D) Long-range goals (line 25) 10. The word it in line 24 refers to (A) worksheet (B) problem (C) distinction (D) decision 11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) ask (B) explain (C) change (D) predict答案：ADADC ABDBB C以上就是为大家整理的｜托福阅读真题练习100篇：10（原文+题目+答案）｜的练习，希望大家通过以上的内容根据情况，适当结合上下文，通过排除和推断选择正确的答案，同时不断补充积累更多相关词汇与语法。最后，预祝大家托福考试顺利！！更多精彩内容请关注托福频道!我希望以上的解答能为您的留学规划添砖加瓦。留学之路虽曲折，却不孤单。如有更多疑惑或需要进一步了解，我们的官方网站随时欢迎您。那里有更详尽的留学资讯和专家团队的一对一指导，助您顺利走上留学之路。期待与您的每一次相遇，祝申请顺利！https://liuxue.87dh.com/
2023年3月27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上，选择合适的学校和专业，准备相关考试，都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问，我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问！https://liuxue.87dh.com/
托福阅读考试是最容易拿分的一部分，但是很多同学不知道要怎么备考阅读考试，关于阅读考试大家可以做一下真题，下面是小钟老师分享的托福阅读考试真题和答案解析。
考试真题与解析
珊瑚礁种群
本文讨论珊瑚礁相关的生态系统，通过讨论珊瑚内外部的竞争来讲对珊瑚的制衡。
Vocabulary Card
mechanisms = means 机制，原理；
ultimately = eventually 最终地；
kept in check = prevented 阻止；
securing = getting 获得。
冰川：形成，移动和分布
文章说冰川其实是会change和move的，只是改变的不明显而已。然后文章开始讲水循环，说冰川是一个巨大的reservoir， 所以在循环的过程中非常重要。接着又讨论了冰川的形成机制，是因为积雪压实。冰川的运作分为两种：一种是冰川本身的内部流动；另外一种是冰川整体与周围的滑动，有水作为润滑的话会运动得更快。最后讲了影响冰川运作的因素，包括地理位置和海拔等等，举了华盛顿冰川的例子解释海拔的影响。
Vocabulary Card
straightforward = simple 直接的，简单的；
characteristic = identifying典型的，特有的；
induce = cause 引起，促使；
distribution = dispersal 分布。
塞加拉金字塔
先用某国王D的权威来引入话题，他是第一个建造金字塔的人，之后介绍了金字塔tomb的功能、被很多别人的坟墓包围的特点，看得出建造金字塔之时当地繁荣的经济状况，虽然金字塔被破坏得比较严重，但现在还是依稀可见它的美。
Vocabulary Card
much deterioration = worse condition 恶化；
innumerable = countless 不计其数的；
thoroughly = completely 完全地；
end = purpose 目标；
conversely = in contrast 相反地。
沙漠中的水生动物
Vocabulary Card
hastening = hurrying 加速的；
prolong = extended 延长的；
strictly = exist in aquatic environments only （语境）只生活在水生环境中；
readily = quickly 快速地，容易地。
娃娃鱼的无性繁殖
考题
Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the grass fossil deposits mentioned in paragraph 3？
A. Grasses evolved more recently than previously thought
B. Grasses first appeared as a result of climate change.
C. Grasses did not originally evolve in dry climates.
D. Grasses did not exist at the same time as dinosaurs.
解析：正确答案选C。最大干扰项D属于答非所问，虽然意思完全正确，但并非属于题干中“the grass fossil deposits”所显示的信息。
Vocabulary Card
intact = whole 完整的；
annual = yearly 一年期的；
subsequent=later后来；
observation = finding观察报告；
vulnerable = unprotected 未受保护的，易损的。
达尔文与拉马克的进化论理论
有两种对生物演化的理论：一种是拉马克提出的，一种是达尔文提出的。拉马克认为，生物重要的性状会受到环境的影响，并遗传给后代个体。达尔文认为，生物的重要性状由遗传继承，但是由环境造成的改变不会遗传，这种学说就是natural selection.
农业起源
为什么人类的生活转变到了农耕和饲养动物。就中东来说是气候变化了。世界各地气候变化不同，中东气候相对变干，人们转向农耕。在较为湿润的地方，则是森林取代了草地，所以可耕种土地变少了。
农业使人口增长了很多，农耕的人需要比游牧民族付出更多努力，因为要培育农作物，但是农民的食物更稳定。虽然农民的食物来源稳定，但是证据表明他们更矮且死得更早。因为有疾病、水污染和禽流感。
托福阅读提升读文章速度方法
提速从开头段开始
花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为18分钟，但是有的文章不需要这么多时间便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要额外多花一点时间。
把握文章类型结构
所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体（Academic），是学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，均议论文、说明文，最显著的特点是呈板块结构。因此考生要做的就是通过大量阅读同类文章学会把握这种学术体类型的文章结构，从而提升对此类文章的熟练度，确保在考试中能够第一时间摸准文章结构找到自己需要重点查看的内容。
重点看各段落首句
托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子都精读，这种做法不仅理解难度大，而且不涉及考题，在这些细节部分过多停留无疑是白白浪费时间。大家只需要读完每段第一句知道本段大意，之后的解题有需要的再返回定位找找细节就可以了。
希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助，我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ，在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利！
托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上，选择合适的学校和专业，准备相关考试，都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问，我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问！https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 阅读考试的考试真题，是考生们联系的蓝本，需要大家认真的对待。以下是小钟老师整理的托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案，欢迎阅读。 2023年10月30日托福阅读考试真题 R1 西北海岸艺术 R2 地球大气 R3 玛雅的败落是因为农业无法承载暴增的人口，然后他们还不调整农业 R4 恐龙是恒温动物还是冷血动物 R5 海草的生长环境影响因素 R6 tectonic movement 托福阅读考试时间规划 1、3 分钟把握文章框架 很多同学提出质疑，认为这 3 分钟的时间去看了文章也记不住内容，不如直接做题，这是无用论 ；有些同学则认为自己的答题时间不够，3 分钟太宝贵，不舍得挪出来，这是无时间论。 其实，这 3 分钟的时间决定了我们的阅读高度，不仅能提高解题速度，还能提高准确率，是有超值回报的 3 分钟。 怎么样才能通过 3 分钟迅速把握文章框架呢 ？ 很简单，读 title，introduction 和各段落的 topic sentence，来看看它们之间的联系。 title 给出讨论对象，introduction 给出讨论角度，即文章主旨，而各段落主旨告诉我们文章分几个方面或如何对主旨展开论述。这些内容环环相扣，犹如钢筋水泥，给我们搭建出了一个房子的框架。有了框架之后，我们可以看见 “森林”，而不是只见“木”。 在 3 分钟内，我们不仅能够把握文章的核心主旨，它的脉络走向，还能了解作者的“感情色彩”，给我们下一步正确和快速的答题奠定了基础，尤其是对解决“主旨题”起了决定性的作用。 很多同学在学习并熟练掌握了三分钟定框架的阅读方法后反馈时表示答题都不用回到文章细读就能选出正确答案，因为不管你细不细读，主旨就在那里，一直不变，而大部分的题目都会针对或围绕主旨出题，尤其是最后一道总结题或分类题，解题速度和准确率会有质的飞跃。希望你们也能够同样受用。 2、15 分钟答题 我们知道一篇文章会有 12-14 道问题，所以要保证答题阶段有 15 分钟以上的时间才够充分。 在这个阶段，我们的阅读顺序则是先看题，再读文。我们需要先审清楚题干，再根据题干的要求回到相应的段落去进行详读。 一般情况下，题干会给出大的定位，告诉我们考点所在的段落，而具体的考点位置需要我们自己分析得出，然后进行精准的定位。答题的过程就是不断补充细节的过程，犹如给搭建的毛坯房添加各种家具。 3、2 分钟灵活支配时间 尽量有灵活的时间支配是基于以下几点考虑： 1）托福阅读的理解力是随着阅读量的增加而增加的，或许我们在答第三题时，对文章的理解仍存在偏差，那么可能到了第十题，在阅读量达到一定程度的时候，发现之前答错了，就需要时间进行及时的更改； 2）一般情况下我们建议考生们按照顺序解题，因为考点的出现是随着文章的发展而出现的，但是我们偶尔也会遇到个别特别耗时，或者自己特别拿捏不准，犹豫不决的题目，就需要当机立断的先优选一个答案，事后如果有灵活的时间，再回来斟酌，每个题目的分值是等同的（最后一题除外），它再难，也就一分，不要为了这个不确定的一分，延误了其他的得分机会； 3）因为机考需要手动点击 next键来获取题目，偶尔会出现学生无意识的连续点击，造成漏做题，这个时候也需要我们有灵活支配的时间来及时的进行弥补； 4）最后，也是能够给自己一点时间调整，准备迎接紧接着而来的听力考验。合理分配时间不是要求大家死板的遵守以上的分配原则，而是希望大家能够在掌握这样的阅读思路和顺序之后，摸索出适合自己的具体分配原则，尤其是那15分钟的答题时间里更是如此，要清楚的知道哪些题型是耗时的，哪些题型是秒选的，哪些题型是适合花时间的 （花了时间能做对的），哪些题型是自己特别是不受用的 （花了时间也不一定做对的），不要在不值得的题目上花费太多的时间，雨露均沾的同时，绝对更加宠爱能够给你带来分值的题目。 希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助，我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ，在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利！
2023年3月托福考试真题答案汇总
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上，选择合适的学校和专业，准备相关考试，都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问，我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问！https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 对于想要考托福，但是还没有考过托福的同学来说，提前了解有关托福考试的题目是有必要的，下面小钟老师为大家分享有关3月24日托福考试真题以及答案。 一、2023年3月24日托福考试真题答案2023年3月托福考试真题答案（3月24日）12023年3月24日托福听力真题答案22023年3月24日托福独立写作真题答案32023年3月24日托福口语真题答案思路解析42023年3月24日托福阅读考试文章及真题答案解析小钟老师整理 二、托福考试备考规划 词汇 托福考试的词汇量是比较大的，所以你不可能集中在一周或者一个月全部都掌握，你需要做的是集中学习一段时间，然后每天进行复习。另外在你复习4个科目的同时，你也可以同步进行着托福词汇的积累的工作。 阅读 现在阅读考试有一个很大的特点，试题出现的顺序和文章的段落顺序是一致的，甚至当一个问题涉及到某个段落的时候，他还会有一个箭头，去指向某一个段落。那这显然，意味着我们不需要先读完全篇。我们在基本了解文章大意的基础上，就可以开始做题。然后读完每道题目之后，再带着关键词去那个文章里找答案。这是托福阅读考试的一个重要技巧。 听力 时间上，听力考试录音+做题的时间一共是60分钟，每个section的时间有20分钟，做题有10分钟。托福的听力也是模板非常有限的，虽然每一篇文章的主题和内容都不一样，但基本的逻辑都是一样的，所以这个时候精听训练就非常有价值，先把模板熟悉透彻。拿两套听力题，按照这样的精听步骤把那个原文全部细细的听一遍，来提升你对托福听力的敏感度和熟悉度。 口语 托福的口语真是一个“非人类”的设计，它不像雅思是你真的可以和人对话的，比较真实的交流环境。托福口语是机考的，并且考的方式也非常精分，每道题都要求你在45s-1min之间说完。所以，平时练习的时候尽量遵循你喜欢的一个固定的时间框架来说。 写作 考前多写！多打字！打字速度决定字数！字数决定论据和细节！有论点没有论据支撑是大忌。 三、托福考试内容 听力 1、在听力部分，考生一共会听到2~3个对话（conversation）和4~6个讲座（lecture）。 2、每个讲座后会有6个问题，每段对话后将有5个问题。 3、每个对话和讲座的时长约为3-6分钟，考试时间为60~90分钟。 4、听力考试分为两个Section单独计时，每个Section时长为10分钟（播录音时间不计算在内）。 5、一个Section包括1个对话和2个讲座。 阅读 考试内容：3~4篇学术文章，每篇700字左右，每篇12~14个问题，共包括36~56道试题。 文章题材：TOEFL的阅读文章均选择美国大一或大二教材，或者杂志论文，涉及自然科学（Natural science）、生命科学（Life Science）、艺术（Art）和社会科学（Social Science）。 文章类型：1、解释说明型文章；2、立论型文章；3、历史题材型文章。 写作 考试内容：托福写作分为两个任务，综合写作（Integrated Writing）和独立写作（Independent Writing）。 考试时间：综合写作 20分钟，独立写作30分钟，总计50分钟。 口语 考试内容：口语部分包括6道题，每道题有45~60秒的答题时间，时间20分钟。 1、1-2题称独立任务（Independent Tasks），只考查口语能力； 2、3~6题称综合任务（Integrated Tasks），考察读、听、说综合能力。 四、托福考试单项分数怎么算 阅读 30分 新托福阅读包含三篇文章，每篇大约650-750词，每篇有12-14道题。 标题类型包含：事实信息题，否定扫除题，指代联系题，词汇题，推理题，修辞意图题，句子简化题，句子插入题，宗旨摘要题，表格归类题，在完结每一篇答题的过程中，考生能够使用复查功用查找没有答复的标题。 听力 30分 听力部分全部时间大约是60-90分钟，每个对话是2-3分钟。每个演讲是3-5分钟。考生可以在听录音的过程中做笔记，有两个对话和四段讲演，每个对话对应5道试题，每段讲演对应6道试题。听力部分共有34道试题，一题一分，总分34分，按比例换算成30分制。 口语 30分 口语部分第一题和第二题为独立回答题，准备时间为15秒，回答问题时间为45秒。问题会被朗读出来，同时出现在屏幕上。 第三题和第四题要求考生先阅读一段文字，然后再听一段与阅读文字内容相关的听力材料，最后按照要求回答相关问题。通常一道题是情景题，另一道是学术题。阅读材料只含一个自然段。 第五题和第六题以考试中的听力材料为基础，要求考生回答相关问题。听力材料通常一道题是情景题，另一道题是学术题。 写作 30分 新托福考试的写作部分包括两道试题：独立写作和阅读听力综合写作。每个写作任务的分数为0-5分，两道题，每道题的分值是0~5分，两道题的分数求平均数后，换算成0~30的分数。考察综合语言技能的作文题目的评分，以回答的质量，完整性和准确性为依据。 希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助，我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ，在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利！
请问2023年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。选择留学是人生重要的决策之一，而作为您的指导，我非常高兴能为您提供最准确的留学解答和规划。无论您的问题是关于考试准备、专业选择、申请流程还是学校信息，我都在这里为您解答。更多留学资讯和学校招生介绍，欢迎随时访问。https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 上周末完成了最新一期的托福考试，大家一定很想知道自己考得怎么样？来和小钟老师看看2023年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案。 阅读篇章 Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid Citipati at the American Museum ofNatural History. Smaller fossil far right showing inside one of the eggs. The Decline in the Population（重复11年4月9日考题；文章主要讲英国伦敦在罗马时期的人口衰退，原因有四。伦敦一场大火，造成人口下降。苏格兰什么政策。货物在本地生产，贸易人员流动少。战争时期因为英国士兵把一些瘟疫带了回来，造成大量人口死亡。） 讨论恐龙是否被孵化（文章内容可以参考15年2月1日和18年8月26日考题Dinosaurs and Parental Care） Domestication（重复15年10月31日考题） The Postwar Economic Boom（重复16年1月24日考题） The Development of Agriculture（重复16年11月21日和18年5月19日考题） The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题） The Evolution of Grass andHerbivores（17年2月18日，7月2日和11月11日，19年2月24日考题；植物防御技能的进化演变） A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复18年12月8日，19年5月4日和10月26日考题；恒温还是变温） Greece Emerges from the Dark Ages （重复18年7月14日考题） Irrigation and Early Civilizations（重复18年3月31日和19年4月14日考题） Amphibian Distribution andAbundance（新题） Calcium Carbonate in the Ocean（新题） 石头对考古的重要性 厄尔尼诺（可以参考TPO43-3） 罗马供水系统 The molars（磨牙， 臼齿） ofthree species of elephant illustrate their different feedingpreferences （l-asian elephant， c-african elephant， r-Mastodonginganteum） 篇章详解 The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题） 第1段：The green revolution can date as far back to 1930s。农业科学家 manipulate the seed of crops to improve productivity。科学家把中国大米和印度大米作为parents研究出IR8，优点是bigger head of grain and stronger stem。虽然IR8提高了产量，但是科学家仍然不满足，于是研究出了IR36，优点是：来自13个parents（母本），可以抵抗15种 pests以及110 days of growing period and threecrops each year。 第2段：Global hunger makes the green revolution extraordinary。India can be self-sufficient in crop production and Asia increases thecrop production. 第3段：非洲的地理环境使得其受益较小，故科学家研发出新的super rice， which can be transplanted that depended on seedingdirectly instead of seedling。 第4段：the green revolution 有很多detractors ，比如 chemical fertilizers and pesticides can reduce the organic matterin the soil， and many small-scale farmers lack of financial resource topurchase genetic enhanced seeds。 真题回顾 Dinosaurs and Parental Care（重复15年2月1日考题） Paragraph 1 From fossil evidence alone the question of whether or notdinosaurs cared for their young is very difficult to answer. ■Because behaviorsare not preserved in the fossil record， we can only make inferences fromindirect evidence. ■Parental care can be divided into two types of behavior：prehatching （building nests and incubating eggs—for example， sitting on top ofthem so as to warm the eggs and encourage hatching） and posthatching （feedingthe young and guarding the nests）. ■Most of our evidence comes fromalleged dinosaur rookeries （places where nests are built）. ■Several havebeen excavated in eastern Montana， where a large concentration of dinosaurnests was found at a place now called Egg Mountain. Most of these probablybelonged to the hadrosaur Maiasaura. Preserved in these nests are the bones ofbaby dinosaurs. The finds at Egg Mountain and other sites around the worlddocument that dinosaurs laid their eggs in nests. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where thefollowing sentence can be added to the passage. Evidence of the former is easier to find than that of the latter. 答案：C 以上信息希望能帮助您在留学申请的道路上少走弯路。如果您还有更多问题或需要深入探讨，不要犹豫，您可以在我们的留学官方网站上找到更丰富的考试资讯、留学指导和一对一专家咨询服务。我们的团队始终站在您的角度，为您的留学梦想全力以赴。祝您申请顺利！https://liuxue.87dh.com/
托福2021年11月20日作文考试真题及答案
托福的作文考试，有独立写作和综合写作两部分，需要大家对两者进行进行了解。下面是我整理的托福2021年11月20日作文考试真题及答案。
2021年11月20日托福作文考试真题
独立写作
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for older people to take risks and explore new things than younger people.
综合写作
水手死于铅中毒，有些人认为是罐头食品的原因。
阅读：
1.罐头虽然里面含有金属铅但是制作的时候这个剂量都是控制的，只是少量，而且食物在罐头里储存的时间很短，所以不应该是罐头导致的。
2.当时的其他船员也都会食用这种罐头，假如真的因为罐头不可能只有这一例中毒案件
3. 他们有一个净化水的系统，所有用水都是干净的，所以不可能是食物导致的。
听力反驳：
1. 虽然放的时间很短，但确实那些食物是inside of cans
2. 水手身体没有经过test而且light poisoning很难被识别出来
3. 通过净化器的水不能用于drinking和cooking，而海水对人身体不好，所以净化器没有用。
托福写作考试字数有没有要求?
速度提升
其实对于托福作文来说，不外乎四个字“熟能生巧”。
但是互相我们写托福 写作的过程，其实2个部分最为消耗我们的时间，第一个就是构思的过程，第二个就是想一句话怎么表达的过程。这两个部分是最为消耗时间的。因此，其实缩减写作文时间的过程，就是减少这两个部分所消耗的时间。
首先说第一个部分，构思的过程。
其实想必绝大多数上过辅导班的考友们都知道托福作文就是传统的，龙头凤尾猪肚子，这样的写作方式。第一段表明自己的观点，然后接下来每一段一开始给出分论点，最后一段进行总结，就这么简单。
但是实际上，这是我们想的方向不对，总是在向很宏观的想。这里的诀窍就是向细分领域想!当我们总是在想建筑对社会很好的时候，我们就是会很想象到理由以及例子，但是如果我们想得很细的时候，就发现好说了，比如我们可以说赵州桥，既有实用价值，也有观赏价值。这就言之有物了!这是第一，减少构思的过程的时间，靠细分领域。
接下来就是表达的过程。
其实对于表达的过程来说，我们也知道一句话，叫做日啖荔枝三百颗，不辞长作岭南人!应该是熟读唐诗三百首，不辞长作岭南人-_-!应该是不会作来，也会吟。换句话说，也就是要第一熟悉这门语言，然后多使用这门语言。
这其实就可以靠多做中译英的翻译，就会有所改进，比如说我们可以用一些网站将我们自己的作文按照对方地道的原文进行修改，这样的方法，通过大量的进行中译英的转换，来增加我们的熟练度，这样就可以逐步削减我们的思考怎样表达的时间。
字数要求
托福作文如果能达到350字-450字就已经很好了，只要达到这个范围内基本上就不会对你的分数产生任何负面影响。然而很多同学会进入一个写作误区，一味的追求字数，把本来简单的意思非要复杂化，讲的特别啰嗦。这样的同学反而不会得高分。
在官方指南中有这么一句话“An effective response is typically about 300 words long。 If you write fewer than 300 words，you may still receive a top score，but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5。”
关于托福独立写作的字数，唯一的要求就是下限，不能低于180.但是如果点写道了，再少也不可能少于180。托福独立写作基本上是机器评分就下了定论，人工评分部分基本上是重复机器的分。机器的评分标准就是对比你写的点和原文的点以及听力部分的点。答准1点，答全1点，得多少分，然后看你的改写程度，改写程度高，再加分。最后看你的结构是否完整，语法和词汇拼写正确率。注意不要照抄原文来增加字数，照抄原文造成机器认定你对原文的改写程度过低，这是会被扣分的。
ETS官方要求，托福综合写作字数要求都是150-225之间。那么，写作的字数到300字左右就会扣分么?答案是不一定。只要考生所写内容可以回答考题，不会因为超过规定字数而扣分。但是一些托友的经验来说，好文章的字数一般在300到350字左右。官方指南中明确说到：‘Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more， so long as what you write answers the question.’一般来说，大家一句句的想明白写什么，同时合理控制每句长度(一般认为12字左右为短句，25字为长句)，之后成文的字数就应当自然而然的落在此区间中。
而针对着文章的字数，ETS也曾指出：考生所写内容能回答考题，考生不会因为超出规定的字数而被扣分。
总而言之，在语言质量相同的前提下，内容充实的文章更能展现出作者的写作能力。但不能为了追求词数而牺牲质量，因为在能力不扎实的情况下， 写得越快犯的错误可能越多，导致优势失去。
托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3
相信备考托福的同学都知道托福TPO的重要性，为了方便大家备考，下面我给大家整理出托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO1阅读真题原文Part3
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.
The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
托福TPO1阅读真题题目Part3
1. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○gradual
○complex
○visible
○striking
2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?
○In an area that has little water
○In an area that has little sunlight
○Above a transition area
○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
○Both are treeless zones.
○Both mark forest boundaries.
○Both are surrounded by desert areas.
○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.
Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
○They cannot grow in cold climates.
○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○require
○resist
○achieve
○endure
6. The word "they" in the passage refers to
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○adapted
○likely
○difficult
○resistant
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
10. In paragraph 4, what is the author's main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.
11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○predictable
○widespread
○successful
○developed
12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.
○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.
Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █
13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures
托福TPO1阅读真题答案Part3
答案：
1. ○4
2. ○1
3. ○2
4. ○3
5. ○3
6. ○2
7. ○2
8. ○1
9. ○3
10. ○4
11. ○2
12. ○3
13. ○4
14. There is no agreement among…
Despite being adjacent …
The geographical location of…
托福TPO1阅读真题Part3原文翻译
山上树带界线的植被
通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。这种快速过渡的区域被称为上行树带界线或林木线。在许多干旱的地区存在着下行树带界线，在这里由于缺乏水分森林变成干草原，甚至在最下端会出现沙漠。
上行树带界线，和雪线一样，在热带最高，在极地最低。从极地地区的海平面到干燥的亚热带地区的海拔4 500米处以及潮湿的热带地区海拔3 500米至4 500米处都有上行树带界线。树带界线内通常是常绿树，它们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比，具有一定的优势。然而，在部分地区也有由落叶阔叶林组成的树带界线。例如，在喜马拉雅的部分地区，桦树就在树带界线上。
上行树带界线的树木开始扭曲和变形，尤其在中高纬度地区的树木，这些地区的树木往往会在山脊上长得更高，而在热带地区的树木则在山谷里长得更高;因为中高纬度地区树带界线受积雪覆盖时间和深度的影响很大。由于山谷中积雪覆盖较厚且持续时间很长，树木即便是生长在大风和贫瘠的土地里，也往往会在山脊上长得更高。在热带地区山谷里更有利于生长，因为山谷不易干涸、很少结霜，并且有更深的土壤。
目前还没有一个普遍认同的解释来说明为什么会在树带界线上出现树木停止生长这种戏剧化的现象。多种环境因素都起到作用，例如，积雪过多会让树木透不过气，雪崩和雪移能摧毁树木;长时间积雪缩短了有效生长季节的时间，树苗无法生长;另外，风速会随着海拔的升高而增加，增加树木承受的压力，很明显，正是这种风速带来的压力导致树木在高纬度地区发生变形。一些科学家提出，随着海拔的上升而不断增强的紫外线、野生山羊等动物的放养，都是导致树带界线形成的因素。或许最重要的环境因素是温度，因为如果生长季节太短并且气温太低，树芽和树苗都无法充分地成长而存活过冬季。
在林木线之上有一个称为高山苔原的地带。由于紧挨着树带界线，苔原上都是矮灌木、草本植物和牧草。随着海拔的增加，物种的数量和多样性会逐渐减少，直到出现大量空地伴着零星的苔藓和地衣这样的伏地垫状植物。有些植物甚至可以在雪线以上有利的微环境中生存，世界上海拔最高的植物是出现在喜马拉雅山上6 100百米的马卡鲁峰。在这个高度上，被阳光温暖过的岩石可以将 小雪 堆融化。
高山植物最突出的特点是其低矮的生长形态。这种特点使他们能够避开大风最强势的势头，并且有助于他们利用紧邻地 面相 对较高的温度。在这样一个低温限制生命的地区，地表提供的额外温度是至关重要的。低矮的生长形态也可以帮助植物充分利用冬季积雪所提供的保温环境。在赤道区的山脉上低矮的生长形态并不常见。
托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译相关 文章 ：
1. 托福阅读理解怎样提高成绩
2. 托福独立写作万能例子有哪些
3. 新托福阅读考试一篇文章几道题
4. 托福阅读理解需要读全文吗
5. 雅思托福阅读对比
6. 新托福阅读考试需要多长时间
7. 托福复习资料推荐哪个实用
8. 托福阅读用什么书复习备考
9. 托福阅读理解是4篇吗有几篇
托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇：TypesofSocialGroups
为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Types of Social Groups，希望大家喜欢!
托福阅读原文
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
托福阅读试题
1.The word “complex”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.delicate
B.elaborate
C.private
D.common
2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?
A. It is a structure of associations with many people.
B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.
C. It places great demands on people.
D. It develops gradually overtime.
3.The word endowing in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.leaving
B.exposing
C. providing
D. understanding
4.Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.
B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.
D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
5.According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?
A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.
B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.
C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.
D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.
6.Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?
A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.
B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.
C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.
D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.
7.The phrase “size up” in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.enlarge
B.evaluate
C. impress
D. accept
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 5)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.
B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.
C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.
D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.
9.This passage is developed primarily by
A.drawing comparisons between theory and practice
B.presenting two opposing theories
C.defining important concepts and providing examples of them
D.discussing causes and their effects
10.The word “deviate” in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning to
A.detract
B.advance
C.select
D.depart
11.According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?
A.To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
B.To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group
C.To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group
D.To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves. Where would the sentence best fit?
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■【A】Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■【B】Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■【C】For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■【D】
13.Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.
A.Developing socially acceptable behavior
B. Working together against competitors
C.Experiencing pressure from outside forces
D.Viewing people as a means to an end
E.Existing for practical purposes
F.Providing meaning for life situations
G.Involving close relationships
1 )
Primary Groups
A B C D E F G
2 )
Secondary Groups
A B C D E F G
托福 阅读答案
1.complex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。原句说生活把我们放在什么样的与其他人的关系网中，因为很多人，所以关系网比较复杂正确。A的delicate脆弱的，纤细的，美味的;C的私人和D的普通都不靠谱
2.以relationship做关键词定位至最后一句，注意relationships不能做关键词，因为多次重复出现。原句说当这种association持续的时间足够长以至于两个人之间已经形成了稳定的expectation，就叫relationship，所以D说随时间develop正确。A的many people，B的study，C的demand都没说
3.endow赋予，捐助，所以provide提供，供给正确。原句说有时候我们与其他人合作只是做完某事，却没有任何significance，猜到这个词应该是有的意思，只有provide和leave表示有，但leave是剩下，所以不对。至于B暴露D理解完全不对
4.以competitor做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说偶尔这意味着与竞争对手合作而非竞争，而这个this意味着这句话跟前一句有联系。前一句说instrumental ties是我们在与别人合作达到某种目的的时候形成的，这与A说的通常不合作的人也有形成instrumental完全一样。B没说，C与原文的第三句说反，D与原文最后一句说反
5.分别以primary group和secondary group做关键词定位至第二句和第四句，分别说了两个group，primary的是比较亲密的，secondary是因为事先某种共同的目的才形成的，所以答案是C。A错，不是用work来区分这两个group的;两者同样不是以人数区分的，所以D错;C的end不end是原文在后面才说的，也不能区分这两个group
6.以evolve out of做关键词定位至倒数第三句，但这句话跟问题几乎是完全一样的，所以不是答案。往后看，this标示着上下句之间有联系。下句说这种evolve发生在工作背景下，接着说同事之间可以通过share各种东西变成非常亲密的朋友，也就是secondary变primary 的一个例子，所以正确答案是D。A说反;B和C均没说而且C有违常识
7.size up估量，估计，所以正确答案是B的evaluate。原句说面对面交流使得我们能够怎么样别人，评价别人是正确的。A的扩大别人明显是不对的。原文没说接受别人，也没说给别人留下印象，所以都不对
8.原文的结构是sociologist把primary group看成blabla，因为blabla。只有C表达了原因，A缺了原文的很多信息，错;B和D都缺失了原文很重要的because部分，所以都是错的
9.问本文的组织结构，问全文的题应该多关注各段的开头。原文首先提出了两个关系，然后又说expressive tie和instrumental tie，最后又说了primary group产生的条件。叙述两类关系用的笔墨明显不等，所以不是对比，所以B不对，A的理论和实践原文完全没说，而且也说到了对比，也不对;D的因果是原文完全没说的。作者定义了两个group和两个tie，所以C说定义概念是对的，而且作者在定义概念之后都有解释，所以C正确
10.deviate偏离，出轨，所以正确答案是D的depart偏离。原句说一旦奖励不行，group的成员可以威胁排斥那些怎么样规则的人，肯定是对规则不好的人，所以advance和中性的select不对;detract表示减损或者转移，跟depart所表示的离经叛道是两个意思，所以不对
11.以shunning做关键词定位至第四句，说人们会用shunning吧离经叛道的人弄回来，但没给出原因。这句中的for example说明是上句的例子，前面一句说如果奖励不行，我们就排斥那些不守规矩的人，所以一切都是为了强化规则，答案是A。B说不鼓励冒犯group当中的人，原文没说冒犯人;C的reward和D的next generation都没说
12.两个过渡点，分别是连词for example和名词healthier life choices，根据for example排除C和D，因为原文也有for example，而正常说话的时候两个for example是不连续使用的;而且根据healthier life choices跟原文中sense of well-being的同义替换也可以确定是A或者B，但A点后的them与前文衔接紧密，所以答案是B
13.此题不典型，因为作者用了 文章 的第四到七段较大篇幅讲primary，却只用了第二和第三段的部分讲到secondary，而且本文对于两个group的叙述存在交叉，交叉的部分主要在第二三两段，但这两段的叙述也是先primary后secondary，所以顺序性还是有的。第三段的四五两句分别对应existing和viewing两个答案，所以这两个答案属于secondary;第二段和第三段的第三句对应providing答案，第三段第二句对应involving答案，最后一段的第三句和第四句对应developing选项，结合11题的答案很容易选出这项
托福阅读译文
我们和他人一起生活在一个复杂的关系网中。我们的人性就产生于这种社会性的互动关系中，与此同时，我们的人性也必须通过经常性的社会互动才能得以维持。当两个人在比较稳定的期望值下的交流时间足够长并且形成一种联系时，这种联系就可以称为关系。
人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。情感纽带是当我们做情感投资并致力于他人的一种社会关系。通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到安全感、爱情、认同、友谊以及个人价值等一系列情感。工具纽带是我们为达到某种目的而与他人进行合作时产生的社会联系方式。有些时候，这也许意味着变相与竞争者共事。更多的时候我们没有发展出任何更有意义的关系而只是简单的与他人合作达成目的。
社会学家基于情感纽带与工具纽带区别，将社会群体划分成两类：主要群体和次要群体。一个主要群体包含两个以上成员，他们彼此之间的关系是直接的,亲密的,聚合性的。情感纽带在主要社群中起主导作用，我们把人们自身看做目标和人们自己权利的价值。次要群体也是由两个以上成员组成，他们因非个人关系聚到一起都是为了一个特定的,实际的目标而努力。工具纽带在次要群体中起了重要的作用。我们把人自身看做是人目标的途径而不是人们自己权利的目标。有时主要群体的关系也会在次要群体中演化而来。这种现象在工作环境中时有发生。工作伙伴在共事过程中会彼此分享抱怨、玩笑、八卦以及满足感，由此也会发展出亲近的关系。
很多情况也会增加主要群体出现的可能性。首先，群体的规模非常重要。我们很难去了解那些散布在大群体中的某个人。而在小群体中我们有更多机会发起联系并与他人建立关系。第二，面对面的交流能让我们更好地了解彼此。与他人近距离接触和交谈可以更好地交流情感和思想。第三，频繁持续的交流也能增加我们发展主要群体的可能性。我们与他人的联系会随着我们与他人的互动时间而加深，并逐渐演化出连锁的习惯和兴趣。
主要群体是人与人之间乃至整个社会的基础。首先，主要群体在社会化进程中至关重要。在主要群体里，婴儿与孩童可以学习处世方式。这种群体是我们社会生活必备规范和价值的培养地。社会学家将主要群体比作独立个体与整个社会之间的桥梁，因为它能传达,调解并解读一个社会的 文化 模式，提供一种归属感有助于社会团结。
其次，主要群体之所以是基础是因为它能提供满足我们大多数人需求的环境。在主要群体中，我们可以收获友情、爱情、安全感以及所有幸福的情感。社会学家发现一个群体的主要纽带的强弱往往暗示着这个群体的功能，这不足为奇。例如，一个体育团队的主要群体纽带越强，他们就越容易取得好成绩。
第三，主要群体之所以是基础还因为他们充当了强有力的社会调控工具。群体中的成员掌控并分配能够维持我们生存的极其重要的资源。如果奖励方式不当，群体内成员就会通过拒绝或威胁来摒弃那些背离群体规范的人，例如，一些社会群体采取规避 措施 (人可以留在群体中，但禁止其他成员与其交流)，从而将特定群体中逾矩的个体慢慢同化与他人一致。更重要的是，主要群体通过构筑我们的 经验 来定义社会现实。他们根据我们的行为来定义我们的处境，以遵循群体分配的意义。因此，主要群体既是社会规范的载体同时也是社会规范的实施者。
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案
准备托福的阅读考试，考生们别忘了阅读考试的真题。以下是由我为大家精心整理的“2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案”，来看一看吧。
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案
R1
人工智能下棋
R2
地下水
R3
欧洲城市计划
R4
洋流
R5
惠特尼发明的轧棉机
R6
蛇的分布
R7
意大利文艺复兴时期的一种戏剧
托福阅读考试题量
1.托福阅读考试时间及题目数量
托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇的题目，要想在这个基础之上取得高分，我们首先要做的就是对这些题目有一个清晰的认知。这些题型虽然是文章的基础，但是在考试中，对于文章的理解能力和做题的速度要求都是比较高的，所以我们需要掌握文章的结构。
在文章的基础上，我们要学会分析文章的结构和作者的观点，这样才能在文章的开头段落中找到出处。这样我们就可以清晰明白文章的结构是什么。我们在进行阅读的过程中，首先要知道这些文章的结构是什么，在文章的开头段，一篇文章的开头，一般会问一下文章的结构是什么，然后我们来看一下文章结构是什么。
2.托福阅读一篇有几道题
托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇实用的文章，要不要做题？新托福阅读有几个题型，每题的标准题、数量大概在1500到5000字左右。新托福阅读有三篇文章，每篇文章有1000词左右的长难句；新托福阅读有四篇，每篇文章约800词。
新托福阅读有3篇，每篇约1000词左右；新托福写作有4篇，每篇约1000字左右；新托福阅读有四套。每篇文章长度不够，建议先收藏再阅读。
第一篇文章长度大概是1500到1500字左右，需要花上3-4天阅读，每篇文章大概700-800字，需要2-3小时写作和2-3篇。新托福写作有4个题，每篇文章长度是1个小时，有5-5个题目。新托福独立写作是3篇，每篇长度在800-1200 字左右。
考试题型
1.托福阅读题型有哪些
托福阅读题目类型，托福阅读考试有哪些题型是不是很难？一起看看吧！托福阅读备考建议1.首先，我们要了解阅读考试题型，然后再分析一下题型，这样才能对托福阅读有更深入的了解。托福阅读备考建议考生们可以先从og开始，把og的题目做一下，对自己有个清晰的认识。
og上有各种各样考试的题型和题目的详细的说明，比如说托福考试中的阅读、听力，都是考察一个学生在某一段时间内能够读懂一篇英文的内容的能力，这样才能在阅读理解的过程中节省时间。2.然后，根据问题回原文，找到自己的问题，根据问题在哪里找到答案。3.根据问题进行选择的时间顺序，然后根据问题找到问题所对应的答案。
2.托福考试有哪些题型
托福阅读题目类型，托福阅读考试有哪些题型要点准考证，这里分享一个托福阅读考试中需要注意的几个点，帮助大家在托福阅读考试中拿到高分。
1.阅读词汇题托福阅读词汇题中经常出现于词汇题和阅读中，很多学生对于文章中常见的词汇一直处于一定的状态，因此在做题之前首先要先看懂文章的结构和文章的结构，了解文章的结构，知道文章是什么。托福阅读考试时间较短，不需要考虑文章内容的长度，但是一般都是在一小时内出一篇文章，这也可以说明我们在做阅读过程中可能会有一些困惑和困惑。
2.文章结构托福阅读词汇题目的考查形式，考生必须根据文章结构分析文章结构，才能知道文章是什么，题目中的结构是什么。
老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案
为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案，希望大家喜欢!
老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案
PASSAGE 33
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at
once (lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word it in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C
托福阅读怎么抓住定位词
首先介绍一下，什么是定位词?
其实很简单，打个比方，你和朋友约好了去酒吧，朋友和你说酒吧在沈阳新东方正对面，这个酒吧你是不知道地点的，也就是你的目的地;而新东方却很熟知，那么你只需找到新东方便可以找到酒吧了。在这里新东方是已知的，就是用来定位的词汇，而酒吧则是你的目的所在，也便是你要找的答案。
定位词的称呼有很多，如关键词，主旨词，功能词，中心词等等。这些只是个名称罢了，含义都是一致的：一个可以根据题干回原文定位，并能够找到出处的词，这个题干中的词就是定位词 or key word。
定位词有什么样的特征?
定位词总体特征：不可变性和细节性
不可变性：定位词是用来定位的，所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇，才有意义。通常不用动词和副词来定位。通常是名词或充当定语的形容词。
细节性：不要找大概念的词汇，更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。换句话说不要找那些原文一大堆的词汇，无法定位。
如， 95年英国剑桥委员会British Council给出的唯一样题 文章 的题目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St.Helens
下面有一道选择题是“ According to the text the eruption of Mount St.Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”
拿这道题为例，如果大家把Mount St.Helens 作为关键词回原文进行定位，那你会郁闷致死，全文主要讲的就是圣海伦斯火山的喷发，原文有N多个Mount St.Helens，所以即使这个词属于大写的专有名词，但他违背了细节性，是概括性的词汇，也不能作为定位词来寻找答案。
究竟哪些词在阅读当中充当定位词?
以下是定位词的分类：
1.特殊词汇
在阅读中有一些词张的比较特殊，这种词很容易被记住，也很容易回原文定位。
好比，在大街上上看到一个人光着身子跑步-------特殊难看
一个人的个子超高，像姚明一样------特殊长
一个人身上穿着10多种颜色的衣服，而且不停的摇头-----特殊怪
特殊怪，特殊长，特殊难
这三种词就是特殊词的所有特征，在文中看到这样的词，一定要警惕。如，
Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪，很好定位，也经常作为考点。
sodium 【化学】钠---特殊难，大家只要知道是一种化学元素足矣。
Simultaneous 同时的---特殊长，这种词本身的特点决定应作为定位词。
2.数字：通常指时间，金钱和百分比。
有一个道题目是这样问的：
“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”
那么像1980 3185$ 69%这些词因为长相原因，段落全是英文，突然跑出来几个数字，十分显眼，也就很好回原文找到他们。
3.专有名词：斜体字，大写人名,地名，大写的专有名词，这一点大家都很熟悉，不用多说。
4.特殊符号：
在特殊符号里或者旁边的词，最好通过符号回原文进行定位，如“paper conversation”，(three cubic miles) 这些词本身并没有什么特别，但放在符号里面，就可以根据符号回原文进行寻找。
总之，在国外考试的阅读中，无论是阅读文章，还是回答后面的10几道题目，定位词的寻找，都是一种有效的应试策略，更是学术文章的阅读的重要 方法 。
托福阅读不同题型的方法和技巧
一、单词题目
平时注意单词量的积累，力求达到可以随时随地记忆单词的境界。其实我们在记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略，那就是在我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。考试过后，你就会发现这个策略的事半功倍了。此外，对于自己不认识的单词，我们应该主动回原文找 同义词 ，或找相关的提示信息。
二、找代词指代对象的题目
在考试中，它们主要会以如下两种形式出现。
(1)it、one、their、its、that类，这种题目主要是考查我们对于并列关系的掌握，这时，我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话，从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类，我们在面对这种题目时，应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者，因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。
三、考查文章内容的题目
在历次的托福考试中，也存在着两大主要题型，即：文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。
1、文章细节考查题
解答文章细节考查题，我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的内容，进而得出答案。
常见的定位有以下3种：
(1)题目本身给出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。
(3)位置多夹于前后两题位置之间。
2、文章结构考查题
一定要注意：
(1)千万不要根据你读的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章从头到尾当成一个整体，尽可能各段独立。
(3)根据 经验 ，在考试中，整篇文章的最后一句出题较多，所以应该仔细阅读这个重要的 句子 。
以上是针对托福考试阅读部分的常见题型做出的一些有关于考试解题方法与技巧的分项介绍。
在整个的阅读考试中，我们还应该了解到：
(1)在这个特殊的考试时间段内，我们的记忆比理解更为重要，在解题的时候一定要完全忠实于原文，切忌私自做出任何的主观臆断。
(2)在做题步骤方面，我们可以先简读原文(主要是各个段落的第一，二句话)，而后阅读题目，最后观察选项做出判断。值得我们特别注意的是，我们在做出判断的时候，切忌不要选择在选项中存在比较，而在原文中没有明确表示过的项目;切忌不要去选择那些说法过于绝对化的选项。
