本文目录一览：
- 1、托福阅读真题练习100篇：03（原文+题目+答案）
- 2、求《托福高分范文大全》全文免费下载百度网盘资源,谢谢~
- 3、求托福阅读真题100篇
- 4、2015年11月28日托福阅读真题(网友回忆版)
- 5、2021年3月27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析
- 6、2023年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案
- 7、请问托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案
- 8、托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3
- 9、2023年托福考试阅读真题一览（6月19日）
托福阅读真题练习100篇：03（原文+题目+答案）
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。留学申请的每一步都充满挑战，我在这里为您提供从留学目的地选择到申请材料准备的全方位支持。您的留学梦想，我们一同实现，敬请访问！https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习。下面为大家整理了托福阅读真题练习100篇：03（原文+题目+答案），供大家参考。原文：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — notonly trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast duringthe 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. Theymade baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people weremasters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants;others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, thePomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups madeall their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft,around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp.Others depended primarily on coiling — aprocess in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tightwrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease andfrequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process,often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. Thewarp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woodyfiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomopeople used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiledwork. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finestbasketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazinglyvaried. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patternsthat could be combined in a number of different ways.题目： ?1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets from baskets of other groups? (A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs (B) The unusual geometric (C) The absence of decoration (D) The rare materials used 2. The word fashion in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) maintain (B) organize (C) trade (D) create 3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT (A) shells (B) feathers (C) leaves (D) bark 4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph? (A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques. (B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region. (C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans. (D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations. 5. The word others in line 9 refers to (A) masters (B) baskets (C) pendants (D) surfaces 6. According to the passage , a weft is a (A) tool for separating sedge root (B) process used for coloring baskets (C) pliable maternal woven around the warp (D) pattern used to decorate baskets 7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets? (A) bullrush (B) willow (C) sedge (D) redbud 8. The word article in line 17 is close in meaning to (A) decoration (B) shape (C) design (D) object 9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between (A) bullrush and coiling (B) weft and warp (C) willow and feathers (D) sedge and weaving 10. The word staples in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) combinations (B) limitations (C) accessories (D) basic elements 11. The word distinct in lime 26 is closest in meaning to (A) systematic (B) beautiful (C) different (D) compatible 12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ? (A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people. (B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes. (C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people. (D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA以上就是为大家整理的｜托福阅读真题练习100篇：03（原文+题目+答案）｜的练习，希望大家通过以上的内容根据情况，适当结合上下文，通过排除和推断选择正确的答案，同时不断补充积累更多相关词汇与语法。最后，预祝大家托福考试顺利！！更多精彩内容请关注托福频道!我希望以上的解答能为您的留学规划添砖加瓦。留学之路虽曲折，却不孤单。如有更多疑惑或需要进一步了解，我们的官方网站随时欢迎您。那里有更详尽的留学资讯和专家团队的一对一指导，助您顺利走上留学之路。期待与您的每一次相遇，祝申请顺利！https://liuxue.87dh.com/
求《托福高分范文大全》全文免费下载百度网盘资源,谢谢~
点击下载：托福全套资料，资源实时更新
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1mfOQSuFTcLJ6San0EviC5Q
提取码：94da
课程介绍：
托福TOEFL iBT考试是去以英语作为交流语言的国家和地区留学或就业的英语水平考试，是由美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）测评研发的一个学术英语语言测试，尤其适合去北美国家留学的学生，是美国高校招生官的首选。
很多新朋友接触托福、或者是工作学习需要托福的朋友、一定在网上要百度这些问题、托福下载、托福全套下载、托福真题、托福资源、托福官网、托福网课、小站托福、托福官方指南、托福备考资料、托福lecture、免费托福下载、免费完整版托福资料等等这些问题。怎么下载一个托福这么麻烦啊，到底有没有能够用的托福？分享给你托福全套资源。
点击下载：托福全套资料，资源实时更新
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1mfOQSuFTcLJ6San0EviC5Q
提取码：94da
课程介绍：
托福TOEFL iBT考试是去以英语作为交流语言的国家和地区留学或就业的英语水平考试，是由美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）测评研发的一个学术英语语言测试，尤其适合去北美国家留学的学生，是美国高校招生官的首选。
很多新朋友接触托福、或者是工作学习需要托福的朋友、一定在网上要百度这些问题、托福下载、托福全套下载、托福真题、托福资源、托福官网、托福网课、小站托福、托福官方指南、托福备考资料、托福lecture、免费托福下载、免费完整版托福资料等等这些问题。怎么下载一个托福这么麻烦啊，到底有没有能够用的托福？分享给你托福全套资源。
求托福阅读真题100篇
这本书我做过的，我是在淘宝买下来做的，纸质的。现在电子版的貌似没有吧。。
2015年11月28日托福阅读真题(网友回忆版)
2015年11月28日托福阅读真题(网友回忆版) ：
第一篇：
第一篇是标题是overkill of north American mammoth
1.第一段讲一Clovis hunter占领了一块地方，同时这块地方的mammoth 大量消失。但是说mammoth 这么大，她们用长矛就杀害了么。然而这个说这是时间巧合还是人类杀害。人类可能为了进一步占领土地，需要补充能量吃这类动物东西填肚子。
2.讲是不是climate change的原因，但是在人们到达这里之前，环境变化的影响已经存在了，但是对mammoth没有很大的影响。所以环境变化造成大量死亡的时间是不相符的。(此段有句子插入题)
3.猜想就是人类杀害了大量mammoth.一个科学家用computer模拟了一个model,结果显示 in the right condition, 一小部分人可以在300年内造成mammoth大量死亡。
4.继续有科学家进一步support了这个猜想,通过改变不同数量的人类range，还有个指标的范围range,多次试验，结果证明是人类可以造成extinct.
5.虽然模拟的试验是可以支持假设的。但缺乏大量的archeology evidence. 只发现了31个mammoth site ,近些年都没发现新的。第一个模拟的科学家自己也承认evidence很少。然后文章就说how do we disprove it ?然后另外一个科学家就指出，New Zealand,的一种鸟有大量的archeology evidence显示是人类造成的extinct.所以没有发现这些证据就说明 mammoth的extinct并不是人所造成的。
第二篇：
讲的是fungi
目前已经发现很多fungi但是很多没有发现 都没有记录就灭绝了。(此处有题 有的选项是什么compare已知的 新的灭绝更多?反正各种比较 好像都不太对)然后说总的fungi的数量减少了 平均每公里(大概是)的密度和种类也少了(此处有题)还讲了fungi灭绝对forest有不好的影响 fungi比tree在吸收mineral方面更好，所以可以帮助tree(此处有题)。还比较了fungi和其他aerial plants区别，fungi没有covering所以更容易灭亡好像是(恶劣环境下)fungi还可检测周围环境是否是toxic(好像是)大概是如果有fuel leak它们会死。还举了一个动物or植物B什么也能察觉泄漏。最后一段说了在美国，食用mushroom和fungi之类的并不多，所以对于fungi的减少并没有太多记录，但是这并不能代表在美国fungi就没有减少。related 头the lichen，lichen在decline，由此推出fungi也在减少。
第三篇：
centralized society
开始讲了特点。什么人口high density，high productivity(此处有题)大概是控制local inhabitants，他们要pay tax。种地要pay tax(此处有一个NOT true的题应该选开辟new land)然后好像说啥storage facilities开始是因为high latitude太难种植，后来好像就for feast了(这里有题)后来管理他们开始分配给他们个人small land最后一两段还提了关于craft之类 大概就是不同site人有不同擅长的 举了例子一个什么building，enclosed with walls，但是entrance不同 由此看出是人的craft的compound(此处有题)还举了例子什么关于一个城市H的这篇看的特晕印象不深了。
2021年3月27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析
托福阅读考试是最容易拿分的一部分，但是很多同学不知道要怎么备考阅读考试，关于阅读考试大家可以做一下真题，下面是分享的托福阅读考试真题和答案解析。
考试真题与解析
珊瑚礁种群
本文讨论珊瑚礁相关的生态系统，通过讨论珊瑚内外部的竞争来讲对珊瑚的制衡。
Vocabulary Card
mechanisms = means 机制，原理；
ultimately = eventually 最终地；
kept in check = prevented 阻止；
securing = getting 获得。
冰川：形成，移动和分布
文章说冰川其实是会change和move的，只是改变的不明显而已。然后文章开始讲水循环，说冰川是一个巨大的reservoir， 所以在循环的过程中非常重要。接着又讨论了冰川的形成机制，是因为积雪压实。冰川的运作分为两种：一种是冰川本身的内部流动；另外一种是冰川整体与周围的滑动，有水作为润滑的话会运动得更快。最后讲了影响冰川运作的因素，包括地理位置和海拔等等，举了华盛顿冰川的例子解释海拔的影响。
Vocabulary Card
straightforward = simple 直接的，简单的；
characteristic = identifying典型的，特有的；
induce = cause 引起，促使；
distribution = dispersal 分布。
塞加拉金字塔
先用某国王D的权威来引入话题，他是第一个建造金字塔的人，之后介绍了金字塔tomb的功能、被很多别人的坟墓包围的特点，看得出建造金字塔之时当地繁荣的经济状况，虽然金字塔被破坏得比较严重，但现在还是依稀可见它的美。
Vocabulary Card
much deterioration = worse condition 恶化；
innumerable = countless 不计其数的；
thoroughly = completely 完全地；
end = purpose 目标；
conversely = in contrast 相反地。
沙漠中的水生动物
Vocabulary Card
hastening = hurrying 加速的；
prolong = extended 延长的；
strictly = exist in aquatic environments only （语境）只生活在水生环境中；
readily = quickly 快速地，容易地。
娃娃鱼的无性繁殖
考题
Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the grass fossil deposits mentioned in paragraph 3？
A. Grasses evolved more recently than previously thought
B. Grasses first appeared as a result of climate change.
C. Grasses did not originally evolve in dry climates.
D. Grasses did not exist at the same time as dinosaurs.
解析：正确答案选C。最大干扰项D属于答非所问，虽然意思完全正确，但并非属于题干中“the grass fossil deposits”所显示的信息。
Vocabulary Card
intact = whole 完整的；
annual = yearly 一年期的；
subsequent=later后来；
observation = finding观察报告；
vulnerable = unprotected 未受保护的，易损的。
达尔文与拉马克的进化论理论
有两种对生物演化的理论：一种是拉马克提出的，一种是达尔文提出的。拉马克认为，生物重要的性状会受到环境的影响，并遗传给后代个体。达尔文认为，生物的重要性状由遗传继承，但是由环境造成的改变不会遗传，这种学说就是natural selection.
农业起源
为什么人类的生活转变到了农耕和饲养动物。就中东来说是气候变化了。世界各地气候变化不同，中东气候相对变干，人们转向农耕。在较为湿润的地方，则是森林取代了草地，所以可耕种土地变少了。
农业使人口增长了很多，农耕的人需要比游牧民族付出更多努力，因为要培育农作物，但是农民的食物更稳定。虽然农民的食物来源稳定，但是证据表明他们更矮且死得更早。因为有疾病、水污染和禽流感。
托福阅读提升读文章速度方法
提速从开头段开始
花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为18分钟，但是有的文章不需要这么多时间便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要额外多花一点时间。
把握文章类型结构
所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体（Academic），是学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，均议论文、说明文，最显著的特点是呈板块结构。因此考生要做的就是通过大量阅读同类文章学会把握这种学术体类型的文章结构，从而提升对此类文章的熟练度，确保在考试中能够第一时间摸准文章结构找到自己需要重点查看的内容。
重点看各段落首句
托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子都精读，这种做法不仅理解难度大，而且不涉及考题，在这些细节部分过多停留无疑是白白浪费时间。大家只需要读完每段第一句知道本段大意，之后的解题有需要的再返回定位找找细节就可以了。
2023年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上，选择合适的学校和专业，准备相关考试，都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问，我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问！https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 准备托福的阅读考试，考生们别忘了阅读考试的真题。以下是由小钟老师为大家精心整理的“2023年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案”，来看一看吧。 2023年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案 R1 人工智能下棋 R2 地下水 R3 欧洲城市计划 R4 洋流 R5 惠特尼发明的轧棉机 R6 蛇的分布 R7 意大利文艺复兴时期的一种戏剧 托福阅读考试题量 1.托福阅读考试时间及题目数量 托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇的题目，要想在这个基础之上取得高分，我们首先要做的就是对这些题目有一个清晰的认知。这些题型虽然是文章的基础，但是在考试中，对于文章的理解能力和做题的速度要求都是比较高的，所以我们需要掌握文章的结构。 在文章的基础上，我们要学会分析文章的结构和作者的观点，这样才能在文章的开头段落中找到出处。这样我们就可以清晰明白文章的结构是什么。我们在进行阅读的过程中，首先要知道这些文章的结构是什么，在文章的开头段，一篇文章的开头，一般会问一下文章的结构是什么，然后我们来看一下文章结构是什么。 2.托福阅读一篇有几道题 托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇实用的文章，要不要做题？新托福阅读有几个题型，每题的标准题、数量大概在1500到5000字左右。新托福阅读有三篇文章，每篇文章有1000词左右的长难句；新托福阅读有四篇，每篇文章约800词。 新托福阅读有3篇，每篇约1000词左右；新托福写作有4篇，每篇约1000字左右；新托福阅读有四套。每篇文章长度不够，建议先收藏再阅读。 第一篇文章长度大概是1500到1500字左右，需要花上3-4天阅读，每篇文章大概700-800字，需要2-3小时写作和2-3篇。新托福写作有4个题，每篇文章长度是1个小时，有5-5个题目。新托福独立写作是3篇，每篇长度在800-1200 字左右。 考试题型 1.托福阅读题型有哪些 托福阅读题目类型，托福阅读考试有哪些题型是不是很难？一起看看吧！托福阅读备考建议1.首先，我们要了解阅读考试题型，然后再分析一下题型，这样才能对托福阅读有更深入的了解。托福阅读备考建议考生们可以先从og开始，把og的题目做一下，对自己有个清晰的认识。 og上有各种各样考试的题型和题目的详细的说明，比如说托福考试中的阅读、听力，都是考察一个学生在某一段时间内能够读懂一篇英文的内容的能力，这样才能在阅读理解的过程中节省时间。2.然后，根据问题回原文，找到自己的问题，根据问题在哪里找到答案。3.根据问题进行选择的时间顺序，然后根据问题找到问题所对应的答案。 2.托福考试有哪些题型 托福阅读题目类型，托福阅读考试有哪些题型要点准考证，这里分享一个托福阅读考试中需要注意的几个点，帮助大家在托福阅读考试中拿到高分。 1.阅读词汇题托福阅读词汇题中经常出现于词汇题和阅读中，很多学生对于文章中常见的词汇一直处于一定的状态，因此在做题之前首先要先看懂文章的结构和文章的结构，了解文章的结构，知道文章是什么。托福阅读考试时间较短，不需要考虑文章内容的长度，但是一般都是在一小时内出一篇文章，这也可以说明我们在做阅读过程中可能会有一些困惑和困惑。 2.文章结构托福阅读词汇题目的考查形式，考生必须根据文章结构分析文章结构，才能知道文章是什么，题目中的结构是什么。 希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助，我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/ ，在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利！
请问托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案
您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。选择留学是人生重要的决策之一，而作为您的指导，我非常高兴能为您提供最准确的留学解答和规划。无论您的问题是关于考试准备、专业选择、申请流程还是学校信息，我都在这里为您解答。更多留学资讯和学校招生介绍，欢迎随时访问。https://liuxue.87dh.com/ 阅读考试的考试真题，是考生们联系的蓝本，需要大家认真的对待。以下是小钟老师整理的托福2023年10月30日阅读考试真题及答案，欢迎阅读。 2023年10月30日托福阅读考试真题 R1 西北海岸艺术 R2 地球大气 R3 玛雅的败落是因为农业无法承载暴增的人口，然后他们还不调整农业 R4 恐龙是恒温动物还是冷血动物 R5 海草的生长环境影响因素 R6 tectonic movement 托福阅读考试时间规划 1、3 分钟把握文章框架 很多同学提出质疑，认为这 3 分钟的时间去看了文章也记不住内容，不如直接做题，这是无用论 ；有些同学则认为自己的答题时间不够，3 分钟太宝贵，不舍得挪出来，这是无时间论。 其实，这 3 分钟的时间决定了我们的阅读高度，不仅能提高解题速度，还能提高准确率，是有超值回报的 3 分钟。 怎么样才能通过 3 分钟迅速把握文章框架呢 ？ 很简单，读 title，introduction 和各段落的 topic sentence，来看看它们之间的联系。 title 给出讨论对象，introduction 给出讨论角度，即文章主旨，而各段落主旨告诉我们文章分几个方面或如何对主旨展开论述。这些内容环环相扣，犹如钢筋水泥，给我们搭建出了一个房子的框架。有了框架之后，我们可以看见 “森林”，而不是只见“木”。 在 3 分钟内，我们不仅能够把握文章的核心主旨，它的脉络走向，还能了解作者的“感情色彩”，给我们下一步正确和快速的答题奠定了基础，尤其是对解决“主旨题”起了决定性的作用。 很多同学在学习并熟练掌握了三分钟定框架的阅读方法后反馈时表示答题都不用回到文章细读就能选出正确答案，因为不管你细不细读，主旨就在那里，一直不变，而大部分的题目都会针对或围绕主旨出题，尤其是最后一道总结题或分类题，解题速度和准确率会有质的飞跃。希望你们也能够同样受用。 2、15 分钟答题 我们知道一篇文章会有 12-14 道问题，所以要保证答题阶段有 15 分钟以上的时间才够充分。 在这个阶段，我们的阅读顺序则是先看题，再读文。我们需要先审清楚题干，再根据题干的要求回到相应的段落去进行详读。 一般情况下，题干会给出大的定位，告诉我们考点所在的段落，而具体的考点位置需要我们自己分析得出，然后进行精准的定位。答题的过程就是不断补充细节的过程，犹如给搭建的毛坯房添加各种家具。 3、2 分钟灵活支配时间 尽量有灵活的时间支配是基于以下几点考虑： 1）托福阅读的理解力是随着阅读量的增加而增加的，或许我们在答第三题时，对文章的理解仍存在偏差，那么可能到了第十题，在阅读量达到一定程度的时候，发现之前答错了，就需要时间进行及时的更改； 2）一般情况下我们建议考生们按照顺序解题，因为考点的出现是随着文章的发展而出现的，但是我们偶尔也会遇到个别特别耗时，或者自己特别拿捏不准，犹豫不决的题目，就需要当机立断的先优选一个答案，事后如果有灵活的时间，再回来斟酌，每个题目的分值是等同的（最后一题除外），它再难，也就一分，不要为了这个不确定的一分，延误了其他的得分机会； 3）因为机考需要手动点击 next键来获取题目，偶尔会出现学生无意识的连续点击，造成漏做题，这个时候也需要我们有灵活支配的时间来及时的进行弥补； 4）最后，也是能够给自己一点时间调整，准备迎接紧接着而来的听力考验。合理分配时间不是要求大家死板的遵守以上的分配原则，而是希望大家能够在掌握这样的阅读思路和顺序之后，摸索出适合自己的具体分配原则，尤其是那15分钟的答题时间里更是如此，要清楚的知道哪些题型是耗时的，哪些题型是秒选的，哪些题型是适合花时间的 （花了时间能做对的），哪些题型是自己特别是不受用的 （花了时间也不一定做对的），不要在不值得的题目上花费太多的时间，雨露均沾的同时，绝对更加宠爱能够给你带来分值的题目。 以上信息希望能帮助您在留学申请的道路上少走弯路。如果您还有更多问题或需要深入探讨，不要犹豫，您可以在我们的留学官方网站上找到更丰富的考试资讯、留学指导和一对一专家咨询服务。我们的团队始终站在您的角度，为您的留学梦想全力以赴。祝您申请顺利！https://liuxue.87dh.com/
托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3
相信备考托福的同学都知道托福TPO的重要性，为了方便大家备考，下面我给大家整理出托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO1阅读真题原文Part3
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.
The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
托福TPO1阅读真题题目Part3
1. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○gradual
○complex
○visible
○striking
2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?
○In an area that has little water
○In an area that has little sunlight
○Above a transition area
○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
○Both are treeless zones.
○Both mark forest boundaries.
○Both are surrounded by desert areas.
○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.
Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
○They cannot grow in cold climates.
○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○require
○resist
○achieve
○endure
6. The word "they" in the passage refers to
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○adapted
○likely
○difficult
○resistant
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
10. In paragraph 4, what is the author's main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.
11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○predictable
○widespread
○successful
○developed
12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.
○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.
Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █
13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures
托福TPO1阅读真题答案Part3
答案：
1. ○4
2. ○1
3. ○2
4. ○3
5. ○3
6. ○2
7. ○2
8. ○1
9. ○3
10. ○4
11. ○2
12. ○3
13. ○4
14. There is no agreement among…
Despite being adjacent …
The geographical location of…
托福TPO1阅读真题Part3原文翻译
山上树带界线的植被
通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。这种快速过渡的区域被称为上行树带界线或林木线。在许多干旱的地区存在着下行树带界线，在这里由于缺乏水分森林变成干草原，甚至在最下端会出现沙漠。
上行树带界线，和雪线一样，在热带最高，在极地最低。从极地地区的海平面到干燥的亚热带地区的海拔4 500米处以及潮湿的热带地区海拔3 500米至4 500米处都有上行树带界线。树带界线内通常是常绿树，它们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比，具有一定的优势。然而，在部分地区也有由落叶阔叶林组成的树带界线。例如，在喜马拉雅的部分地区，桦树就在树带界线上。
上行树带界线的树木开始扭曲和变形，尤其在中高纬度地区的树木，这些地区的树木往往会在山脊上长得更高，而在热带地区的树木则在山谷里长得更高;因为中高纬度地区树带界线受积雪覆盖时间和深度的影响很大。由于山谷中积雪覆盖较厚且持续时间很长，树木即便是生长在大风和贫瘠的土地里，也往往会在山脊上长得更高。在热带地区山谷里更有利于生长，因为山谷不易干涸、很少结霜，并且有更深的土壤。
目前还没有一个普遍认同的解释来说明为什么会在树带界线上出现树木停止生长这种戏剧化的现象。多种环境因素都起到作用，例如，积雪过多会让树木透不过气，雪崩和雪移能摧毁树木;长时间积雪缩短了有效生长季节的时间，树苗无法生长;另外，风速会随着海拔的升高而增加，增加树木承受的压力，很明显，正是这种风速带来的压力导致树木在高纬度地区发生变形。一些科学家提出，随着海拔的上升而不断增强的紫外线、野生山羊等动物的放养，都是导致树带界线形成的因素。或许最重要的环境因素是温度，因为如果生长季节太短并且气温太低，树芽和树苗都无法充分地成长而存活过冬季。
在林木线之上有一个称为高山苔原的地带。由于紧挨着树带界线，苔原上都是矮灌木、草本植物和牧草。随着海拔的增加，物种的数量和多样性会逐渐减少，直到出现大量空地伴着零星的苔藓和地衣这样的伏地垫状植物。有些植物甚至可以在雪线以上有利的微环境中生存，世界上海拔最高的植物是出现在喜马拉雅山上6 100百米的马卡鲁峰。在这个高度上，被阳光温暖过的岩石可以将 小雪 堆融化。
高山植物最突出的特点是其低矮的生长形态。这种特点使他们能够避开大风最强势的势头，并且有助于他们利用紧邻地 面相 对较高的温度。在这样一个低温限制生命的地区，地表提供的额外温度是至关重要的。低矮的生长形态也可以帮助植物充分利用冬季积雪所提供的保温环境。在赤道区的山脉上低矮的生长形态并不常见。
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2023年托福考试阅读真题一览（6月19日）
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